To extract cgroup statistics a utility very similar to getdelays.c
has been developed, the sample output of the utility is shown below
-~/balbir/cgroupstats # ./getdelays -C "/cgroup/a"
+~/balbir/cgroupstats # ./getdelays -C "/sys/fs/cgroup/a"
sleeping 1, blocked 0, running 1, stopped 0, uninterruptible 0
-~/balbir/cgroupstats # ./getdelays -C "/cgroup"
+~/balbir/cgroupstats # ./getdelays -C "/sys/fs/cgroup"
sleeping 155, blocked 0, running 1, stopped 0, uninterruptible 2
- Enable group scheduling in CFQ
CONFIG_CFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED=y
-- Compile and boot into kernel and mount IO controller (blkio).
+- Compile and boot into kernel and mount IO controller (blkio); see
+ cgroups.txt, Why are cgroups needed?.
- mount -t cgroup -o blkio none /cgroup
+ mount -t tmpfs cgroup_root /sys/fs/cgroup
+ mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio
+ mount -t cgroup -o blkio none /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio
- Create two cgroups
- mkdir -p /cgroup/test1/ /cgroup/test2
+ mkdir -p /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test1/ /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test2
- Set weights of group test1 and test2
- echo 1000 > /cgroup/test1/blkio.weight
- echo 500 > /cgroup/test2/blkio.weight
+ echo 1000 > /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test1/blkio.weight
+ echo 500 > /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test2/blkio.weight
- Create two same size files (say 512MB each) on same disk (file1, file2) and
launch two dd threads in different cgroup to read those files.
echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
dd if=/mnt/sdb/zerofile1 of=/dev/null &
- echo $! > /cgroup/test1/tasks
- cat /cgroup/test1/tasks
+ echo $! > /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test1/tasks
+ cat /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test1/tasks
dd if=/mnt/sdb/zerofile2 of=/dev/null &
- echo $! > /cgroup/test2/tasks
- cat /cgroup/test2/tasks
+ echo $! > /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test2/tasks
+ cat /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/test2/tasks
- At macro level, first dd should finish first. To get more precise data, keep
on looking at (with the help of script), at blkio.disk_time and
- Enable throttling in block layer
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_THROTTLING=y
-- Mount blkio controller
- mount -t cgroup -o blkio none /cgroup/blkio
+- Mount blkio controller (see cgroups.txt, Why are cgroups needed?)
+ mount -t cgroup -o blkio none /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio
- Specify a bandwidth rate on particular device for root group. The format
for policy is "<major>:<minor> <byes_per_second>".
- echo "8:16 1048576" > /cgroup/blkio/blkio.read_bps_device
+ echo "8:16 1048576" > /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio/blkio.read_bps_device
Above will put a limit of 1MB/second on reads happening for root group
on device having major/minor number 8:16.
Following is the format.
- #echo dev_maj:dev_minor weight > /path/to/cgroup/blkio.weight_device
+ # echo dev_maj:dev_minor weight > blkio.weight_device
Configure weight=300 on /dev/sdb (8:16) in this cgroup
# echo 8:16 300 > blkio.weight_device
# cat blkio.weight_device
the admin can easily set up a script which receives exec notifications
and depending on who is launching the browser he can
- # echo browser_pid > /mnt/<restype>/<userclass>/tasks
+ # echo browser_pid > /sys/fs/cgroup/<restype>/<userclass>/tasks
With only a single hierarchy, he now would potentially have to create
a separate cgroup for every browser launched and associate it with
With ability to write pids directly to resource classes, it's just a
matter of :
- # echo pid > /mnt/network/<new_class>/tasks
+ # echo pid > /sys/fs/cgroup/network/<new_class>/tasks
(after some time)
- # echo pid > /mnt/network/<orig_class>/tasks
+ # echo pid > /sys/fs/cgroup/network/<orig_class>/tasks
Without this ability, he would have to split the cgroup into
multiple separate ones and then associate the new cgroups with the
To start a new job that is to be contained within a cgroup, using
the "cpuset" cgroup subsystem, the steps are something like:
- 1) mkdir /dev/cgroup
- 2) mount -t cgroup -ocpuset cpuset /dev/cgroup
- 3) Create the new cgroup by doing mkdir's and write's (or echo's) in
- the /dev/cgroup virtual file system.
- 4) Start a task that will be the "founding father" of the new job.
- 5) Attach that task to the new cgroup by writing its pid to the
- /dev/cgroup tasks file for that cgroup.
- 6) fork, exec or clone the job tasks from this founding father task.
+ 1) mount -t tmpfs cgroup_root /sys/fs/cgroup
+ 2) mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
+ 3) mount -t cgroup -ocpuset cpuset /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
+ 4) Create the new cgroup by doing mkdir's and write's (or echo's) in
+ the /sys/fs/cgroup virtual file system.
+ 5) Start a task that will be the "founding father" of the new job.
+ 6) Attach that task to the new cgroup by writing its pid to the
+ /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset/tasks file for that cgroup.
+ 7) fork, exec or clone the job tasks from this founding father task.
For example, the following sequence of commands will setup a cgroup
named "Charlie", containing just CPUs 2 and 3, and Memory Node 1,
and then start a subshell 'sh' in that cgroup:
- mount -t cgroup cpuset -ocpuset /dev/cgroup
- cd /dev/cgroup
+ mount -t tmpfs cgroup_root /sys/fs/cgroup
+ mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
+ mount -t cgroup cpuset -ocpuset /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
+ cd /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
mkdir Charlie
cd Charlie
/bin/echo 2-3 > cpuset.cpus
virtual filesystem.
To mount a cgroup hierarchy with all available subsystems, type:
-# mount -t cgroup xxx /dev/cgroup
+# mount -t cgroup xxx /sys/fs/cgroup
The "xxx" is not interpreted by the cgroup code, but will appear in
/proc/mounts so may be any useful identifying string that you like.
if cpusets are enabled the user will have to populate the cpus and mems files
for each new cgroup created before that group can be used.
+As explained in section `1.2 Why are cgroups needed?' you should create
+different hierarchies of cgroups for each single resource or group of
+resources you want to control. Therefore, you should mount a tmpfs on
+/sys/fs/cgroup and create directories for each cgroup resource or resource
+group.
+
+# mount -t tmpfs cgroup_root /sys/fs/cgroup
+# mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
+
To mount a cgroup hierarchy with just the cpuset and memory
subsystems, type:
-# mount -t cgroup -o cpuset,memory hier1 /dev/cgroup
+# mount -t cgroup -o cpuset,memory hier1 /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
To change the set of subsystems bound to a mounted hierarchy, just
remount with different options:
-# mount -o remount,cpuset,blkio hier1 /dev/cgroup
+# mount -o remount,cpuset,blkio hier1 /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
Now memory is removed from the hierarchy and blkio is added.
Note this will add blkio to the hierarchy but won't remove memory or
cpuset, because the new options are appended to the old ones:
-# mount -o remount,blkio /dev/cgroup
+# mount -o remount,blkio /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
To Specify a hierarchy's release_agent:
# mount -t cgroup -o cpuset,release_agent="/sbin/cpuset_release_agent" \
- xxx /dev/cgroup
+ xxx /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
Note that specifying 'release_agent' more than once will return failure.
the ability to arbitrarily bind/unbind subsystems from an existing
cgroup hierarchy is intended to be implemented in the future.
-Then under /dev/cgroup you can find a tree that corresponds to the
-tree of the cgroups in the system. For instance, /dev/cgroup
+Then under /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1 you can find a tree that corresponds to the
+tree of the cgroups in the system. For instance, /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
is the cgroup that holds the whole system.
If you want to change the value of release_agent:
-# echo "/sbin/new_release_agent" > /dev/cgroup/release_agent
+# echo "/sbin/new_release_agent" > /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1/release_agent
It can also be changed via remount.
-If you want to create a new cgroup under /dev/cgroup:
-# cd /dev/cgroup
+If you want to create a new cgroup under /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1:
+# cd /sys/fs/cgroup/rg1
# mkdir my_cgroup
Now you want to do something with this cgroup.
Accounting groups can be created by first mounting the cgroup filesystem.
-# mkdir /cgroups
-# mount -t cgroup -ocpuacct none /cgroups
-
-With the above step, the initial or the parent accounting group
-becomes visible at /cgroups. At bootup, this group includes all the
-tasks in the system. /cgroups/tasks lists the tasks in this cgroup.
-/cgroups/cpuacct.usage gives the CPU time (in nanoseconds) obtained by
-this group which is essentially the CPU time obtained by all the tasks
+# mount -t cgroup -ocpuacct none /sys/fs/cgroup
+
+With the above step, the initial or the parent accounting group becomes
+visible at /sys/fs/cgroup. At bootup, this group includes all the tasks in
+the system. /sys/fs/cgroup/tasks lists the tasks in this cgroup.
+/sys/fs/cgroup/cpuacct.usage gives the CPU time (in nanoseconds) obtained
+by this group which is essentially the CPU time obtained by all the tasks
in the system.
-New accounting groups can be created under the parent group /cgroups.
+New accounting groups can be created under the parent group /sys/fs/cgroup.
-# cd /cgroups
+# cd /sys/fs/cgroup
# mkdir g1
# echo $$ > g1
The above steps create a new group g1 and move the current shell
process (bash) into it. CPU time consumed by this bash and its children
can be obtained from g1/cpuacct.usage and the same is accumulated in
-/cgroups/cpuacct.usage also.
+/sys/fs/cgroup/cpuacct.usage also.
cpuacct.stat file lists a few statistics which further divide the
CPU time obtained by the cgroup into user and system times. Currently
To start a new job that is to be contained within a cpuset, the steps are:
- 1) mkdir /dev/cpuset
- 2) mount -t cgroup -ocpuset cpuset /dev/cpuset
+ 1) mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
+ 2) mount -t cgroup -ocpuset cpuset /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
3) Create the new cpuset by doing mkdir's and write's (or echo's) in
- the /dev/cpuset virtual file system.
+ the /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset virtual file system.
4) Start a task that will be the "founding father" of the new job.
5) Attach that task to the new cpuset by writing its pid to the
- /dev/cpuset tasks file for that cpuset.
+ /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset tasks file for that cpuset.
6) fork, exec or clone the job tasks from this founding father task.
For example, the following sequence of commands will setup a cpuset
named "Charlie", containing just CPUs 2 and 3, and Memory Node 1,
and then start a subshell 'sh' in that cpuset:
- mount -t cgroup -ocpuset cpuset /dev/cpuset
- cd /dev/cpuset
+ mount -t cgroup -ocpuset cpuset /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
+ cd /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
mkdir Charlie
cd Charlie
/bin/echo 2-3 > cpuset.cpus
virtual filesystem.
To mount it, type:
-# mount -t cgroup -o cpuset cpuset /dev/cpuset
+# mount -t cgroup -o cpuset cpuset /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
-Then under /dev/cpuset you can find a tree that corresponds to the
-tree of the cpusets in the system. For instance, /dev/cpuset
+Then under /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset you can find a tree that corresponds to the
+tree of the cpusets in the system. For instance, /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
is the cpuset that holds the whole system.
-If you want to create a new cpuset under /dev/cpuset:
-# cd /dev/cpuset
+If you want to create a new cpuset under /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset:
+# cd /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
# mkdir my_cpuset
Now you want to do something with this cpuset.
The command
-mount -t cpuset X /dev/cpuset
+mount -t cpuset X /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
is equivalent to
-mount -t cgroup -ocpuset,noprefix X /dev/cpuset
-echo "/sbin/cpuset_release_agent" > /dev/cpuset/release_agent
+mount -t cgroup -ocpuset,noprefix X /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset
+echo "/sbin/cpuset_release_agent" > /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset/release_agent
2.2 Adding/removing cpus
------------------------
An entry is added using devices.allow, and removed using
devices.deny. For instance
- echo 'c 1:3 mr' > /cgroups/1/devices.allow
+ echo 'c 1:3 mr' > /sys/fs/cgroup/1/devices.allow
allows cgroup 1 to read and mknod the device usually known as
/dev/null. Doing
- echo a > /cgroups/1/devices.deny
+ echo a > /sys/fs/cgroup/1/devices.deny
will remove the default 'a *:* rwm' entry. Doing
- echo a > /cgroups/1/devices.allow
+ echo a > /sys/fs/cgroup/1/devices.allow
will add the 'a *:* rwm' entry to the whitelist.
* Examples of usage :
- # mkdir /containers
- # mount -t cgroup -ofreezer freezer /containers
- # mkdir /containers/0
- # echo $some_pid > /containers/0/tasks
+ # mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer
+ # mount -t cgroup -ofreezer freezer /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer
+ # mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/0
+ # echo $some_pid > /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/0/tasks
to get status of the freezer subsystem :
- # cat /containers/0/freezer.state
+ # cat /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/0/freezer.state
THAWED
to freeze all tasks in the container :
- # echo FROZEN > /containers/0/freezer.state
- # cat /containers/0/freezer.state
+ # echo FROZEN > /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/0/freezer.state
+ # cat /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/0/freezer.state
FREEZING
- # cat /containers/0/freezer.state
+ # cat /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/0/freezer.state
FROZEN
to unfreeze all tasks in the container :
- # echo THAWED > /containers/0/freezer.state
- # cat /containers/0/freezer.state
+ # echo THAWED > /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/0/freezer.state
+ # cat /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/0/freezer.state
THAWED
This is the basic mechanism which should do the right thing for user space task
c. Enable CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR
d. Enable CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR_SWAP (to use swap extension)
-1. Prepare the cgroups
-# mkdir -p /cgroups
-# mount -t cgroup none /cgroups -o memory
+1. Prepare the cgroups (see cgroups.txt, Why are cgroups needed?)
+# mount -t tmpfs none /sys/fs/cgroup
+# mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/memory
+# mount -t cgroup none /sys/fs/cgroup/memory -o memory
2. Make the new group and move bash into it
-# mkdir /cgroups/0
-# echo $$ > /cgroups/0/tasks
+# mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0
+# echo $$ > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0/tasks
Since now we're in the 0 cgroup, we can alter the memory limit:
-# echo 4M > /cgroups/0/memory.limit_in_bytes
+# echo 4M > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0/memory.limit_in_bytes
NOTE: We can use a suffix (k, K, m, M, g or G) to indicate values in kilo,
mega or gigabytes. (Here, Kilo, Mega, Giga are Kibibytes, Mebibytes, Gibibytes.)
NOTE: We can write "-1" to reset the *.limit_in_bytes(unlimited).
NOTE: We cannot set limits on the root cgroup any more.
-# cat /cgroups/0/memory.limit_in_bytes
+# cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0/memory.limit_in_bytes
4194304
We can check the usage:
-# cat /cgroups/0/memory.usage_in_bytes
+# cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/0/memory.usage_in_bytes
1216512
A successful write to this file does not guarantee a successful set of
group created using the pseudo filesystem. See example steps below to create
task groups and modify their CPU share using the "cgroups" pseudo filesystem.
- # mkdir /dev/cpuctl
- # mount -t cgroup -ocpu none /dev/cpuctl
- # cd /dev/cpuctl
+ # mount -t tmpfs cgroup_root /sys/fs/cgroup
+ # mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu
+ # mount -t cgroup -ocpu none /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu
+ # cd /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu
# mkdir multimedia # create "multimedia" group of tasks
# mkdir browser # create "browser" group of tasks
Enabling CONFIG_RT_GROUP_SCHED lets you explicitly allocate real
CPU bandwidth to task groups.
-This uses the /cgroup virtual file system and
-"/cgroup/<cgroup>/cpu.rt_runtime_us" to control the CPU time reserved for each
-control group.
+This uses the cgroup virtual file system and "<cgroup>/cpu.rt_runtime_us"
+to control the CPU time reserved for each control group.
For more information on working with control groups, you should read
Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt as well.
===============
There is work in progress to make the scheduling period for each group
-("/cgroup/<cgroup>/cpu.rt_period_us") configurable as well.
+("<cgroup>/cpu.rt_period_us") configurable as well.
The constraint on the period is that a subgroup must have a smaller or
equal period to its parent. But realistically its not very useful _yet_
of the memcg.
Example:
- mkdir /cgroup/hwpoison
+ mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/mem/hwpoison
usemem -m 100 -s 1000 &
- echo `jobs -p` > /cgroup/hwpoison/tasks
+ echo `jobs -p` > /sys/fs/cgroup/mem/hwpoison/tasks
- memcg_ino=$(ls -id /cgroup/hwpoison | cut -f1 -d' ')
+ memcg_ino=$(ls -id /sys/fs/cgroup/mem/hwpoison | cut -f1 -d' ')
echo $memcg_ino > /debug/hwpoison/corrupt-filter-memcg
page-types -p `pidof init` --hwpoison # shall do nothing
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