2 * SLUB: A slab allocator that limits cache line use instead of queuing
3 * objects in per cpu and per node lists.
5 * The allocator synchronizes using per slab locks and only
6 * uses a centralized lock to manage a pool of partial slabs.
8 * (C) 2007 SGI, Christoph Lameter
12 #include <linux/swap.h> /* struct reclaim_state */
13 #include <linux/module.h>
14 #include <linux/bit_spinlock.h>
15 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
16 #include <linux/bitops.h>
17 #include <linux/slab.h>
18 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
19 #include <linux/seq_file.h>
20 #include <linux/kmemtrace.h>
21 #include <linux/kmemcheck.h>
22 #include <linux/cpu.h>
23 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
24 #include <linux/kmemleak.h>
25 #include <linux/mempolicy.h>
26 #include <linux/ctype.h>
27 #include <linux/debugobjects.h>
28 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
29 #include <linux/memory.h>
30 #include <linux/math64.h>
31 #include <linux/fault-inject.h>
38 * The slab_lock protects operations on the object of a particular
39 * slab and its metadata in the page struct. If the slab lock
40 * has been taken then no allocations nor frees can be performed
41 * on the objects in the slab nor can the slab be added or removed
42 * from the partial or full lists since this would mean modifying
43 * the page_struct of the slab.
45 * The list_lock protects the partial and full list on each node and
46 * the partial slab counter. If taken then no new slabs may be added or
47 * removed from the lists nor make the number of partial slabs be modified.
48 * (Note that the total number of slabs is an atomic value that may be
49 * modified without taking the list lock).
51 * The list_lock is a centralized lock and thus we avoid taking it as
52 * much as possible. As long as SLUB does not have to handle partial
53 * slabs, operations can continue without any centralized lock. F.e.
54 * allocating a long series of objects that fill up slabs does not require
57 * The lock order is sometimes inverted when we are trying to get a slab
58 * off a list. We take the list_lock and then look for a page on the list
59 * to use. While we do that objects in the slabs may be freed. We can
60 * only operate on the slab if we have also taken the slab_lock. So we use
61 * a slab_trylock() on the slab. If trylock was successful then no frees
62 * can occur anymore and we can use the slab for allocations etc. If the
63 * slab_trylock() does not succeed then frees are in progress in the slab and
64 * we must stay away from it for a while since we may cause a bouncing
65 * cacheline if we try to acquire the lock. So go onto the next slab.
66 * If all pages are busy then we may allocate a new slab instead of reusing
67 * a partial slab. A new slab has noone operating on it and thus there is
68 * no danger of cacheline contention.
70 * Interrupts are disabled during allocation and deallocation in order to
71 * make the slab allocator safe to use in the context of an irq. In addition
72 * interrupts are disabled to ensure that the processor does not change
73 * while handling per_cpu slabs, due to kernel preemption.
75 * SLUB assigns one slab for allocation to each processor.
76 * Allocations only occur from these slabs called cpu slabs.
78 * Slabs with free elements are kept on a partial list and during regular
79 * operations no list for full slabs is used. If an object in a full slab is
80 * freed then the slab will show up again on the partial lists.
81 * We track full slabs for debugging purposes though because otherwise we
82 * cannot scan all objects.
84 * Slabs are freed when they become empty. Teardown and setup is
85 * minimal so we rely on the page allocators per cpu caches for
86 * fast frees and allocs.
88 * Overloading of page flags that are otherwise used for LRU management.
90 * PageActive The slab is frozen and exempt from list processing.
91 * This means that the slab is dedicated to a purpose
92 * such as satisfying allocations for a specific
93 * processor. Objects may be freed in the slab while
94 * it is frozen but slab_free will then skip the usual
95 * list operations. It is up to the processor holding
96 * the slab to integrate the slab into the slab lists
97 * when the slab is no longer needed.
99 * One use of this flag is to mark slabs that are
100 * used for allocations. Then such a slab becomes a cpu
101 * slab. The cpu slab may be equipped with an additional
102 * freelist that allows lockless access to
103 * free objects in addition to the regular freelist
104 * that requires the slab lock.
106 * PageError Slab requires special handling due to debug
107 * options set. This moves slab handling out of
108 * the fast path and disables lockless freelists.
111 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG
118 * Issues still to be resolved:
120 * - Support PAGE_ALLOC_DEBUG. Should be easy to do.
122 * - Variable sizing of the per node arrays
125 /* Enable to test recovery from slab corruption on boot */
126 #undef SLUB_RESILIENCY_TEST
129 * Mininum number of partial slabs. These will be left on the partial
130 * lists even if they are empty. kmem_cache_shrink may reclaim them.
132 #define MIN_PARTIAL 5
135 * Maximum number of desirable partial slabs.
136 * The existence of more partial slabs makes kmem_cache_shrink
137 * sort the partial list by the number of objects in the.
139 #define MAX_PARTIAL 10
141 #define DEBUG_DEFAULT_FLAGS (SLAB_DEBUG_FREE | SLAB_RED_ZONE | \
142 SLAB_POISON | SLAB_STORE_USER)
145 * Set of flags that will prevent slab merging
147 #define SLUB_NEVER_MERGE (SLAB_RED_ZONE | SLAB_POISON | SLAB_STORE_USER | \
148 SLAB_TRACE | SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU | SLAB_NOLEAKTRACE)
150 #define SLUB_MERGE_SAME (SLAB_DEBUG_FREE | SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT | \
151 SLAB_CACHE_DMA | SLAB_NOTRACK)
153 #ifndef ARCH_KMALLOC_MINALIGN
154 #define ARCH_KMALLOC_MINALIGN __alignof__(unsigned long long)
157 #ifndef ARCH_SLAB_MINALIGN
158 #define ARCH_SLAB_MINALIGN __alignof__(unsigned long long)
162 #define OO_MASK ((1 << OO_SHIFT) - 1)
163 #define MAX_OBJS_PER_PAGE 65535 /* since page.objects is u16 */
165 /* Internal SLUB flags */
166 #define __OBJECT_POISON 0x80000000 /* Poison object */
167 #define __SYSFS_ADD_DEFERRED 0x40000000 /* Not yet visible via sysfs */
169 static int kmem_size = sizeof(struct kmem_cache);
172 static struct notifier_block slab_notifier;
176 DOWN, /* No slab functionality available */
177 PARTIAL, /* kmem_cache_open() works but kmalloc does not */
178 UP, /* Everything works but does not show up in sysfs */
182 /* A list of all slab caches on the system */
183 static DECLARE_RWSEM(slub_lock);
184 static LIST_HEAD(slab_caches);
187 * Tracking user of a slab.
190 unsigned long addr; /* Called from address */
191 int cpu; /* Was running on cpu */
192 int pid; /* Pid context */
193 unsigned long when; /* When did the operation occur */
196 enum track_item { TRACK_ALLOC, TRACK_FREE };
198 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG
199 static int sysfs_slab_add(struct kmem_cache *);
200 static int sysfs_slab_alias(struct kmem_cache *, const char *);
201 static void sysfs_slab_remove(struct kmem_cache *);
204 static inline int sysfs_slab_add(struct kmem_cache *s) { return 0; }
205 static inline int sysfs_slab_alias(struct kmem_cache *s, const char *p)
207 static inline void sysfs_slab_remove(struct kmem_cache *s)
214 static inline void stat(struct kmem_cache_cpu *c, enum stat_item si)
216 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_STATS
221 /********************************************************************
222 * Core slab cache functions
223 *******************************************************************/
225 int slab_is_available(void)
227 return slab_state >= UP;
230 static inline struct kmem_cache_node *get_node(struct kmem_cache *s, int node)
233 return s->node[node];
235 return &s->local_node;
239 static inline struct kmem_cache_cpu *get_cpu_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, int cpu)
242 return s->cpu_slab[cpu];
248 /* Verify that a pointer has an address that is valid within a slab page */
249 static inline int check_valid_pointer(struct kmem_cache *s,
250 struct page *page, const void *object)
257 base = page_address(page);
258 if (object < base || object >= base + page->objects * s->size ||
259 (object - base) % s->size) {
267 * Slow version of get and set free pointer.
269 * This version requires touching the cache lines of kmem_cache which
270 * we avoid to do in the fast alloc free paths. There we obtain the offset
271 * from the page struct.
273 static inline void *get_freepointer(struct kmem_cache *s, void *object)
275 return *(void **)(object + s->offset);
278 static inline void set_freepointer(struct kmem_cache *s, void *object, void *fp)
280 *(void **)(object + s->offset) = fp;
283 /* Loop over all objects in a slab */
284 #define for_each_object(__p, __s, __addr, __objects) \
285 for (__p = (__addr); __p < (__addr) + (__objects) * (__s)->size;\
289 #define for_each_free_object(__p, __s, __free) \
290 for (__p = (__free); __p; __p = get_freepointer((__s), __p))
292 /* Determine object index from a given position */
293 static inline int slab_index(void *p, struct kmem_cache *s, void *addr)
295 return (p - addr) / s->size;
298 static inline struct kmem_cache_order_objects oo_make(int order,
301 struct kmem_cache_order_objects x = {
302 (order << OO_SHIFT) + (PAGE_SIZE << order) / size
308 static inline int oo_order(struct kmem_cache_order_objects x)
310 return x.x >> OO_SHIFT;
313 static inline int oo_objects(struct kmem_cache_order_objects x)
315 return x.x & OO_MASK;
318 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG
322 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG_ON
323 static int slub_debug = DEBUG_DEFAULT_FLAGS;
325 static int slub_debug;
328 static char *slub_debug_slabs;
333 static void print_section(char *text, u8 *addr, unsigned int length)
341 for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
343 printk(KERN_ERR "%8s 0x%p: ", text, addr + i);
346 printk(KERN_CONT " %02x", addr[i]);
348 ascii[offset] = isgraph(addr[i]) ? addr[i] : '.';
350 printk(KERN_CONT " %s\n", ascii);
357 printk(KERN_CONT " ");
361 printk(KERN_CONT " %s\n", ascii);
365 static struct track *get_track(struct kmem_cache *s, void *object,
366 enum track_item alloc)
371 p = object + s->offset + sizeof(void *);
373 p = object + s->inuse;
378 static void set_track(struct kmem_cache *s, void *object,
379 enum track_item alloc, unsigned long addr)
381 struct track *p = get_track(s, object, alloc);
385 p->cpu = smp_processor_id();
386 p->pid = current->pid;
389 memset(p, 0, sizeof(struct track));
392 static void init_tracking(struct kmem_cache *s, void *object)
394 if (!(s->flags & SLAB_STORE_USER))
397 set_track(s, object, TRACK_FREE, 0UL);
398 set_track(s, object, TRACK_ALLOC, 0UL);
401 static void print_track(const char *s, struct track *t)
406 printk(KERN_ERR "INFO: %s in %pS age=%lu cpu=%u pid=%d\n",
407 s, (void *)t->addr, jiffies - t->when, t->cpu, t->pid);
410 static void print_tracking(struct kmem_cache *s, void *object)
412 if (!(s->flags & SLAB_STORE_USER))
415 print_track("Allocated", get_track(s, object, TRACK_ALLOC));
416 print_track("Freed", get_track(s, object, TRACK_FREE));
419 static void print_page_info(struct page *page)
421 printk(KERN_ERR "INFO: Slab 0x%p objects=%u used=%u fp=0x%p flags=0x%04lx\n",
422 page, page->objects, page->inuse, page->freelist, page->flags);
426 static void slab_bug(struct kmem_cache *s, char *fmt, ...)
432 vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, args);
434 printk(KERN_ERR "========================================"
435 "=====================================\n");
436 printk(KERN_ERR "BUG %s: %s\n", s->name, buf);
437 printk(KERN_ERR "----------------------------------------"
438 "-------------------------------------\n\n");
441 static void slab_fix(struct kmem_cache *s, char *fmt, ...)
447 vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, args);
449 printk(KERN_ERR "FIX %s: %s\n", s->name, buf);
452 static void print_trailer(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page, u8 *p)
454 unsigned int off; /* Offset of last byte */
455 u8 *addr = page_address(page);
457 print_tracking(s, p);
459 print_page_info(page);
461 printk(KERN_ERR "INFO: Object 0x%p @offset=%tu fp=0x%p\n\n",
462 p, p - addr, get_freepointer(s, p));
465 print_section("Bytes b4", p - 16, 16);
467 print_section("Object", p, min_t(unsigned long, s->objsize, PAGE_SIZE));
469 if (s->flags & SLAB_RED_ZONE)
470 print_section("Redzone", p + s->objsize,
471 s->inuse - s->objsize);
474 off = s->offset + sizeof(void *);
478 if (s->flags & SLAB_STORE_USER)
479 off += 2 * sizeof(struct track);
482 /* Beginning of the filler is the free pointer */
483 print_section("Padding", p + off, s->size - off);
488 static void object_err(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page,
489 u8 *object, char *reason)
491 slab_bug(s, "%s", reason);
492 print_trailer(s, page, object);
495 static void slab_err(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page, char *fmt, ...)
501 vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, args);
503 slab_bug(s, "%s", buf);
504 print_page_info(page);
508 static void init_object(struct kmem_cache *s, void *object, int active)
512 if (s->flags & __OBJECT_POISON) {
513 memset(p, POISON_FREE, s->objsize - 1);
514 p[s->objsize - 1] = POISON_END;
517 if (s->flags & SLAB_RED_ZONE)
518 memset(p + s->objsize,
519 active ? SLUB_RED_ACTIVE : SLUB_RED_INACTIVE,
520 s->inuse - s->objsize);
523 static u8 *check_bytes(u8 *start, unsigned int value, unsigned int bytes)
526 if (*start != (u8)value)
534 static void restore_bytes(struct kmem_cache *s, char *message, u8 data,
535 void *from, void *to)
537 slab_fix(s, "Restoring 0x%p-0x%p=0x%x\n", from, to - 1, data);
538 memset(from, data, to - from);
541 static int check_bytes_and_report(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page,
542 u8 *object, char *what,
543 u8 *start, unsigned int value, unsigned int bytes)
548 fault = check_bytes(start, value, bytes);
553 while (end > fault && end[-1] == value)
556 slab_bug(s, "%s overwritten", what);
557 printk(KERN_ERR "INFO: 0x%p-0x%p. First byte 0x%x instead of 0x%x\n",
558 fault, end - 1, fault[0], value);
559 print_trailer(s, page, object);
561 restore_bytes(s, what, value, fault, end);
569 * Bytes of the object to be managed.
570 * If the freepointer may overlay the object then the free
571 * pointer is the first word of the object.
573 * Poisoning uses 0x6b (POISON_FREE) and the last byte is
576 * object + s->objsize
577 * Padding to reach word boundary. This is also used for Redzoning.
578 * Padding is extended by another word if Redzoning is enabled and
581 * We fill with 0xbb (RED_INACTIVE) for inactive objects and with
582 * 0xcc (RED_ACTIVE) for objects in use.
585 * Meta data starts here.
587 * A. Free pointer (if we cannot overwrite object on free)
588 * B. Tracking data for SLAB_STORE_USER
589 * C. Padding to reach required alignment boundary or at mininum
590 * one word if debugging is on to be able to detect writes
591 * before the word boundary.
593 * Padding is done using 0x5a (POISON_INUSE)
596 * Nothing is used beyond s->size.
598 * If slabcaches are merged then the objsize and inuse boundaries are mostly
599 * ignored. And therefore no slab options that rely on these boundaries
600 * may be used with merged slabcaches.
603 static int check_pad_bytes(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page, u8 *p)
605 unsigned long off = s->inuse; /* The end of info */
608 /* Freepointer is placed after the object. */
609 off += sizeof(void *);
611 if (s->flags & SLAB_STORE_USER)
612 /* We also have user information there */
613 off += 2 * sizeof(struct track);
618 return check_bytes_and_report(s, page, p, "Object padding",
619 p + off, POISON_INUSE, s->size - off);
622 /* Check the pad bytes at the end of a slab page */
623 static int slab_pad_check(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page)
631 if (!(s->flags & SLAB_POISON))
634 start = page_address(page);
635 length = (PAGE_SIZE << compound_order(page));
636 end = start + length;
637 remainder = length % s->size;
641 fault = check_bytes(end - remainder, POISON_INUSE, remainder);
644 while (end > fault && end[-1] == POISON_INUSE)
647 slab_err(s, page, "Padding overwritten. 0x%p-0x%p", fault, end - 1);
648 print_section("Padding", end - remainder, remainder);
650 restore_bytes(s, "slab padding", POISON_INUSE, start, end);
654 static int check_object(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page,
655 void *object, int active)
658 u8 *endobject = object + s->objsize;
660 if (s->flags & SLAB_RED_ZONE) {
662 active ? SLUB_RED_ACTIVE : SLUB_RED_INACTIVE;
664 if (!check_bytes_and_report(s, page, object, "Redzone",
665 endobject, red, s->inuse - s->objsize))
668 if ((s->flags & SLAB_POISON) && s->objsize < s->inuse) {
669 check_bytes_and_report(s, page, p, "Alignment padding",
670 endobject, POISON_INUSE, s->inuse - s->objsize);
674 if (s->flags & SLAB_POISON) {
675 if (!active && (s->flags & __OBJECT_POISON) &&
676 (!check_bytes_and_report(s, page, p, "Poison", p,
677 POISON_FREE, s->objsize - 1) ||
678 !check_bytes_and_report(s, page, p, "Poison",
679 p + s->objsize - 1, POISON_END, 1)))
682 * check_pad_bytes cleans up on its own.
684 check_pad_bytes(s, page, p);
687 if (!s->offset && active)
689 * Object and freepointer overlap. Cannot check
690 * freepointer while object is allocated.
694 /* Check free pointer validity */
695 if (!check_valid_pointer(s, page, get_freepointer(s, p))) {
696 object_err(s, page, p, "Freepointer corrupt");
698 * No choice but to zap it and thus lose the remainder
699 * of the free objects in this slab. May cause
700 * another error because the object count is now wrong.
702 set_freepointer(s, p, NULL);
708 static int check_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page)
712 VM_BUG_ON(!irqs_disabled());
714 if (!PageSlab(page)) {
715 slab_err(s, page, "Not a valid slab page");
719 maxobj = (PAGE_SIZE << compound_order(page)) / s->size;
720 if (page->objects > maxobj) {
721 slab_err(s, page, "objects %u > max %u",
722 s->name, page->objects, maxobj);
725 if (page->inuse > page->objects) {
726 slab_err(s, page, "inuse %u > max %u",
727 s->name, page->inuse, page->objects);
730 /* Slab_pad_check fixes things up after itself */
731 slab_pad_check(s, page);
736 * Determine if a certain object on a page is on the freelist. Must hold the
737 * slab lock to guarantee that the chains are in a consistent state.
739 static int on_freelist(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page, void *search)
742 void *fp = page->freelist;
744 unsigned long max_objects;
746 while (fp && nr <= page->objects) {
749 if (!check_valid_pointer(s, page, fp)) {
751 object_err(s, page, object,
752 "Freechain corrupt");
753 set_freepointer(s, object, NULL);
756 slab_err(s, page, "Freepointer corrupt");
757 page->freelist = NULL;
758 page->inuse = page->objects;
759 slab_fix(s, "Freelist cleared");
765 fp = get_freepointer(s, object);
769 max_objects = (PAGE_SIZE << compound_order(page)) / s->size;
770 if (max_objects > MAX_OBJS_PER_PAGE)
771 max_objects = MAX_OBJS_PER_PAGE;
773 if (page->objects != max_objects) {
774 slab_err(s, page, "Wrong number of objects. Found %d but "
775 "should be %d", page->objects, max_objects);
776 page->objects = max_objects;
777 slab_fix(s, "Number of objects adjusted.");
779 if (page->inuse != page->objects - nr) {
780 slab_err(s, page, "Wrong object count. Counter is %d but "
781 "counted were %d", page->inuse, page->objects - nr);
782 page->inuse = page->objects - nr;
783 slab_fix(s, "Object count adjusted.");
785 return search == NULL;
788 static void trace(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page, void *object,
791 if (s->flags & SLAB_TRACE) {
792 printk(KERN_INFO "TRACE %s %s 0x%p inuse=%d fp=0x%p\n",
794 alloc ? "alloc" : "free",
799 print_section("Object", (void *)object, s->objsize);
806 * Tracking of fully allocated slabs for debugging purposes.
808 static void add_full(struct kmem_cache_node *n, struct page *page)
810 spin_lock(&n->list_lock);
811 list_add(&page->lru, &n->full);
812 spin_unlock(&n->list_lock);
815 static void remove_full(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page)
817 struct kmem_cache_node *n;
819 if (!(s->flags & SLAB_STORE_USER))
822 n = get_node(s, page_to_nid(page));
824 spin_lock(&n->list_lock);
825 list_del(&page->lru);
826 spin_unlock(&n->list_lock);
829 /* Tracking of the number of slabs for debugging purposes */
830 static inline unsigned long slabs_node(struct kmem_cache *s, int node)
832 struct kmem_cache_node *n = get_node(s, node);
834 return atomic_long_read(&n->nr_slabs);
837 static inline unsigned long node_nr_slabs(struct kmem_cache_node *n)
839 return atomic_long_read(&n->nr_slabs);
842 static inline void inc_slabs_node(struct kmem_cache *s, int node, int objects)
844 struct kmem_cache_node *n = get_node(s, node);
847 * May be called early in order to allocate a slab for the
848 * kmem_cache_node structure. Solve the chicken-egg
849 * dilemma by deferring the increment of the count during
850 * bootstrap (see early_kmem_cache_node_alloc).
852 if (!NUMA_BUILD || n) {
853 atomic_long_inc(&n->nr_slabs);
854 atomic_long_add(objects, &n->total_objects);
857 static inline void dec_slabs_node(struct kmem_cache *s, int node, int objects)
859 struct kmem_cache_node *n = get_node(s, node);
861 atomic_long_dec(&n->nr_slabs);
862 atomic_long_sub(objects, &n->total_objects);
865 /* Object debug checks for alloc/free paths */
866 static void setup_object_debug(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page,
869 if (!(s->flags & (SLAB_STORE_USER|SLAB_RED_ZONE|__OBJECT_POISON)))
872 init_object(s, object, 0);
873 init_tracking(s, object);
876 static int alloc_debug_processing(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page,
877 void *object, unsigned long addr)
879 if (!check_slab(s, page))
882 if (!on_freelist(s, page, object)) {
883 object_err(s, page, object, "Object already allocated");
887 if (!check_valid_pointer(s, page, object)) {
888 object_err(s, page, object, "Freelist Pointer check fails");
892 if (!check_object(s, page, object, 0))
895 /* Success perform special debug activities for allocs */
896 if (s->flags & SLAB_STORE_USER)
897 set_track(s, object, TRACK_ALLOC, addr);
898 trace(s, page, object, 1);
899 init_object(s, object, 1);
903 if (PageSlab(page)) {
905 * If this is a slab page then lets do the best we can
906 * to avoid issues in the future. Marking all objects
907 * as used avoids touching the remaining objects.
909 slab_fix(s, "Marking all objects used");
910 page->inuse = page->objects;
911 page->freelist = NULL;
916 static int free_debug_processing(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page,
917 void *object, unsigned long addr)
919 if (!check_slab(s, page))
922 if (!check_valid_pointer(s, page, object)) {
923 slab_err(s, page, "Invalid object pointer 0x%p", object);
927 if (on_freelist(s, page, object)) {
928 object_err(s, page, object, "Object already free");
932 if (!check_object(s, page, object, 1))
935 if (unlikely(s != page->slab)) {
936 if (!PageSlab(page)) {
937 slab_err(s, page, "Attempt to free object(0x%p) "
938 "outside of slab", object);
939 } else if (!page->slab) {
941 "SLUB <none>: no slab for object 0x%p.\n",
945 object_err(s, page, object,
946 "page slab pointer corrupt.");
950 /* Special debug activities for freeing objects */
951 if (!PageSlubFrozen(page) && !page->freelist)
952 remove_full(s, page);
953 if (s->flags & SLAB_STORE_USER)
954 set_track(s, object, TRACK_FREE, addr);
955 trace(s, page, object, 0);
956 init_object(s, object, 0);
960 slab_fix(s, "Object at 0x%p not freed", object);
964 static int __init setup_slub_debug(char *str)
966 slub_debug = DEBUG_DEFAULT_FLAGS;
967 if (*str++ != '=' || !*str)
969 * No options specified. Switch on full debugging.
975 * No options but restriction on slabs. This means full
976 * debugging for slabs matching a pattern.
983 * Switch off all debugging measures.
988 * Determine which debug features should be switched on
990 for (; *str && *str != ','; str++) {
991 switch (tolower(*str)) {
993 slub_debug |= SLAB_DEBUG_FREE;
996 slub_debug |= SLAB_RED_ZONE;
999 slub_debug |= SLAB_POISON;
1002 slub_debug |= SLAB_STORE_USER;
1005 slub_debug |= SLAB_TRACE;
1008 printk(KERN_ERR "slub_debug option '%c' "
1009 "unknown. skipped\n", *str);
1015 slub_debug_slabs = str + 1;
1020 __setup("slub_debug", setup_slub_debug);
1022 static unsigned long kmem_cache_flags(unsigned long objsize,
1023 unsigned long flags, const char *name,
1024 void (*ctor)(void *))
1027 * Enable debugging if selected on the kernel commandline.
1029 if (slub_debug && (!slub_debug_slabs ||
1030 strncmp(slub_debug_slabs, name, strlen(slub_debug_slabs)) == 0))
1031 flags |= slub_debug;
1036 static inline void setup_object_debug(struct kmem_cache *s,
1037 struct page *page, void *object) {}
1039 static inline int alloc_debug_processing(struct kmem_cache *s,
1040 struct page *page, void *object, unsigned long addr) { return 0; }
1042 static inline int free_debug_processing(struct kmem_cache *s,
1043 struct page *page, void *object, unsigned long addr) { return 0; }
1045 static inline int slab_pad_check(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page)
1047 static inline int check_object(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page,
1048 void *object, int active) { return 1; }
1049 static inline void add_full(struct kmem_cache_node *n, struct page *page) {}
1050 static inline unsigned long kmem_cache_flags(unsigned long objsize,
1051 unsigned long flags, const char *name,
1052 void (*ctor)(void *))
1056 #define slub_debug 0
1058 static inline unsigned long slabs_node(struct kmem_cache *s, int node)
1060 static inline unsigned long node_nr_slabs(struct kmem_cache_node *n)
1062 static inline void inc_slabs_node(struct kmem_cache *s, int node,
1064 static inline void dec_slabs_node(struct kmem_cache *s, int node,
1069 * Slab allocation and freeing
1071 static inline struct page *alloc_slab_page(gfp_t flags, int node,
1072 struct kmem_cache_order_objects oo)
1074 int order = oo_order(oo);
1076 flags |= __GFP_NOTRACK;
1079 return alloc_pages(flags, order);
1081 return alloc_pages_node(node, flags, order);
1084 static struct page *allocate_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t flags, int node)
1087 struct kmem_cache_order_objects oo = s->oo;
1090 flags |= s->allocflags;
1093 * Let the initial higher-order allocation fail under memory pressure
1094 * so we fall-back to the minimum order allocation.
1096 alloc_gfp = (flags | __GFP_NOWARN | __GFP_NORETRY) & ~__GFP_NOFAIL;
1098 page = alloc_slab_page(alloc_gfp, node, oo);
1099 if (unlikely(!page)) {
1102 * Allocation may have failed due to fragmentation.
1103 * Try a lower order alloc if possible
1105 page = alloc_slab_page(flags, node, oo);
1109 stat(get_cpu_slab(s, raw_smp_processor_id()), ORDER_FALLBACK);
1112 if (kmemcheck_enabled
1113 && !(s->flags & (SLAB_NOTRACK | DEBUG_DEFAULT_FLAGS)))
1115 int pages = 1 << oo_order(oo);
1117 kmemcheck_alloc_shadow(page, oo_order(oo), flags, node);
1120 * Objects from caches that have a constructor don't get
1121 * cleared when they're allocated, so we need to do it here.
1124 kmemcheck_mark_uninitialized_pages(page, pages);
1126 kmemcheck_mark_unallocated_pages(page, pages);
1129 page->objects = oo_objects(oo);
1130 mod_zone_page_state(page_zone(page),
1131 (s->flags & SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT) ?
1132 NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE : NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLE,
1138 static void setup_object(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page,
1141 setup_object_debug(s, page, object);
1142 if (unlikely(s->ctor))
1146 static struct page *new_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t flags, int node)
1153 BUG_ON(flags & GFP_SLAB_BUG_MASK);
1155 page = allocate_slab(s,
1156 flags & (GFP_RECLAIM_MASK | GFP_CONSTRAINT_MASK), node);
1160 inc_slabs_node(s, page_to_nid(page), page->objects);
1162 page->flags |= 1 << PG_slab;
1163 if (s->flags & (SLAB_DEBUG_FREE | SLAB_RED_ZONE | SLAB_POISON |
1164 SLAB_STORE_USER | SLAB_TRACE))
1165 __SetPageSlubDebug(page);
1167 start = page_address(page);
1169 if (unlikely(s->flags & SLAB_POISON))
1170 memset(start, POISON_INUSE, PAGE_SIZE << compound_order(page));
1173 for_each_object(p, s, start, page->objects) {
1174 setup_object(s, page, last);
1175 set_freepointer(s, last, p);
1178 setup_object(s, page, last);
1179 set_freepointer(s, last, NULL);
1181 page->freelist = start;
1187 static void __free_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page)
1189 int order = compound_order(page);
1190 int pages = 1 << order;
1192 if (unlikely(SLABDEBUG && PageSlubDebug(page))) {
1195 slab_pad_check(s, page);
1196 for_each_object(p, s, page_address(page),
1198 check_object(s, page, p, 0);
1199 __ClearPageSlubDebug(page);
1202 kmemcheck_free_shadow(page, compound_order(page));
1204 mod_zone_page_state(page_zone(page),
1205 (s->flags & SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT) ?
1206 NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE : NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLE,
1209 __ClearPageSlab(page);
1210 reset_page_mapcount(page);
1211 if (current->reclaim_state)
1212 current->reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab += pages;
1213 __free_pages(page, order);
1216 static void rcu_free_slab(struct rcu_head *h)
1220 page = container_of((struct list_head *)h, struct page, lru);
1221 __free_slab(page->slab, page);
1224 static void free_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page)
1226 if (unlikely(s->flags & SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU)) {
1228 * RCU free overloads the RCU head over the LRU
1230 struct rcu_head *head = (void *)&page->lru;
1232 call_rcu(head, rcu_free_slab);
1234 __free_slab(s, page);
1237 static void discard_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page)
1239 dec_slabs_node(s, page_to_nid(page), page->objects);
1244 * Per slab locking using the pagelock
1246 static __always_inline void slab_lock(struct page *page)
1248 bit_spin_lock(PG_locked, &page->flags);
1251 static __always_inline void slab_unlock(struct page *page)
1253 __bit_spin_unlock(PG_locked, &page->flags);
1256 static __always_inline int slab_trylock(struct page *page)
1260 rc = bit_spin_trylock(PG_locked, &page->flags);
1265 * Management of partially allocated slabs
1267 static void add_partial(struct kmem_cache_node *n,
1268 struct page *page, int tail)
1270 spin_lock(&n->list_lock);
1273 list_add_tail(&page->lru, &n->partial);
1275 list_add(&page->lru, &n->partial);
1276 spin_unlock(&n->list_lock);
1279 static void remove_partial(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page)
1281 struct kmem_cache_node *n = get_node(s, page_to_nid(page));
1283 spin_lock(&n->list_lock);
1284 list_del(&page->lru);
1286 spin_unlock(&n->list_lock);
1290 * Lock slab and remove from the partial list.
1292 * Must hold list_lock.
1294 static inline int lock_and_freeze_slab(struct kmem_cache_node *n,
1297 if (slab_trylock(page)) {
1298 list_del(&page->lru);
1300 __SetPageSlubFrozen(page);
1307 * Try to allocate a partial slab from a specific node.
1309 static struct page *get_partial_node(struct kmem_cache_node *n)
1314 * Racy check. If we mistakenly see no partial slabs then we
1315 * just allocate an empty slab. If we mistakenly try to get a
1316 * partial slab and there is none available then get_partials()
1319 if (!n || !n->nr_partial)
1322 spin_lock(&n->list_lock);
1323 list_for_each_entry(page, &n->partial, lru)
1324 if (lock_and_freeze_slab(n, page))
1328 spin_unlock(&n->list_lock);
1333 * Get a page from somewhere. Search in increasing NUMA distances.
1335 static struct page *get_any_partial(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t flags)
1338 struct zonelist *zonelist;
1341 enum zone_type high_zoneidx = gfp_zone(flags);
1345 * The defrag ratio allows a configuration of the tradeoffs between
1346 * inter node defragmentation and node local allocations. A lower
1347 * defrag_ratio increases the tendency to do local allocations
1348 * instead of attempting to obtain partial slabs from other nodes.
1350 * If the defrag_ratio is set to 0 then kmalloc() always
1351 * returns node local objects. If the ratio is higher then kmalloc()
1352 * may return off node objects because partial slabs are obtained
1353 * from other nodes and filled up.
1355 * If /sys/kernel/slab/xx/defrag_ratio is set to 100 (which makes
1356 * defrag_ratio = 1000) then every (well almost) allocation will
1357 * first attempt to defrag slab caches on other nodes. This means
1358 * scanning over all nodes to look for partial slabs which may be
1359 * expensive if we do it every time we are trying to find a slab
1360 * with available objects.
1362 if (!s->remote_node_defrag_ratio ||
1363 get_cycles() % 1024 > s->remote_node_defrag_ratio)
1366 zonelist = node_zonelist(slab_node(current->mempolicy), flags);
1367 for_each_zone_zonelist(zone, z, zonelist, high_zoneidx) {
1368 struct kmem_cache_node *n;
1370 n = get_node(s, zone_to_nid(zone));
1372 if (n && cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall(zone, flags) &&
1373 n->nr_partial > s->min_partial) {
1374 page = get_partial_node(n);
1384 * Get a partial page, lock it and return it.
1386 static struct page *get_partial(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t flags, int node)
1389 int searchnode = (node == -1) ? numa_node_id() : node;
1391 page = get_partial_node(get_node(s, searchnode));
1392 if (page || (flags & __GFP_THISNODE))
1395 return get_any_partial(s, flags);
1399 * Move a page back to the lists.
1401 * Must be called with the slab lock held.
1403 * On exit the slab lock will have been dropped.
1405 static void unfreeze_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page, int tail)
1407 struct kmem_cache_node *n = get_node(s, page_to_nid(page));
1408 struct kmem_cache_cpu *c = get_cpu_slab(s, smp_processor_id());
1410 __ClearPageSlubFrozen(page);
1413 if (page->freelist) {
1414 add_partial(n, page, tail);
1415 stat(c, tail ? DEACTIVATE_TO_TAIL : DEACTIVATE_TO_HEAD);
1417 stat(c, DEACTIVATE_FULL);
1418 if (SLABDEBUG && PageSlubDebug(page) &&
1419 (s->flags & SLAB_STORE_USER))
1424 stat(c, DEACTIVATE_EMPTY);
1425 if (n->nr_partial < s->min_partial) {
1427 * Adding an empty slab to the partial slabs in order
1428 * to avoid page allocator overhead. This slab needs
1429 * to come after the other slabs with objects in
1430 * so that the others get filled first. That way the
1431 * size of the partial list stays small.
1433 * kmem_cache_shrink can reclaim any empty slabs from
1436 add_partial(n, page, 1);
1440 stat(get_cpu_slab(s, raw_smp_processor_id()), FREE_SLAB);
1441 discard_slab(s, page);
1447 * Remove the cpu slab
1449 static void deactivate_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, struct kmem_cache_cpu *c)
1451 struct page *page = c->page;
1455 stat(c, DEACTIVATE_REMOTE_FREES);
1457 * Merge cpu freelist into slab freelist. Typically we get here
1458 * because both freelists are empty. So this is unlikely
1461 while (unlikely(c->freelist)) {
1464 tail = 0; /* Hot objects. Put the slab first */
1466 /* Retrieve object from cpu_freelist */
1467 object = c->freelist;
1468 c->freelist = c->freelist[c->offset];
1470 /* And put onto the regular freelist */
1471 object[c->offset] = page->freelist;
1472 page->freelist = object;
1476 unfreeze_slab(s, page, tail);
1479 static inline void flush_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, struct kmem_cache_cpu *c)
1481 stat(c, CPUSLAB_FLUSH);
1483 deactivate_slab(s, c);
1489 * Called from IPI handler with interrupts disabled.
1491 static inline void __flush_cpu_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, int cpu)
1493 struct kmem_cache_cpu *c = get_cpu_slab(s, cpu);
1495 if (likely(c && c->page))
1499 static void flush_cpu_slab(void *d)
1501 struct kmem_cache *s = d;
1503 __flush_cpu_slab(s, smp_processor_id());
1506 static void flush_all(struct kmem_cache *s)
1508 on_each_cpu(flush_cpu_slab, s, 1);
1512 * Check if the objects in a per cpu structure fit numa
1513 * locality expectations.
1515 static inline int node_match(struct kmem_cache_cpu *c, int node)
1518 if (node != -1 && c->node != node)
1524 static int count_free(struct page *page)
1526 return page->objects - page->inuse;
1529 static unsigned long count_partial(struct kmem_cache_node *n,
1530 int (*get_count)(struct page *))
1532 unsigned long flags;
1533 unsigned long x = 0;
1536 spin_lock_irqsave(&n->list_lock, flags);
1537 list_for_each_entry(page, &n->partial, lru)
1538 x += get_count(page);
1539 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&n->list_lock, flags);
1543 static inline unsigned long node_nr_objs(struct kmem_cache_node *n)
1545 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG
1546 return atomic_long_read(&n->total_objects);
1552 static noinline void
1553 slab_out_of_memory(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t gfpflags, int nid)
1558 "SLUB: Unable to allocate memory on node %d (gfp=0x%x)\n",
1560 printk(KERN_WARNING " cache: %s, object size: %d, buffer size: %d, "
1561 "default order: %d, min order: %d\n", s->name, s->objsize,
1562 s->size, oo_order(s->oo), oo_order(s->min));
1564 for_each_online_node(node) {
1565 struct kmem_cache_node *n = get_node(s, node);
1566 unsigned long nr_slabs;
1567 unsigned long nr_objs;
1568 unsigned long nr_free;
1573 nr_free = count_partial(n, count_free);
1574 nr_slabs = node_nr_slabs(n);
1575 nr_objs = node_nr_objs(n);
1578 " node %d: slabs: %ld, objs: %ld, free: %ld\n",
1579 node, nr_slabs, nr_objs, nr_free);
1584 * Slow path. The lockless freelist is empty or we need to perform
1587 * Interrupts are disabled.
1589 * Processing is still very fast if new objects have been freed to the
1590 * regular freelist. In that case we simply take over the regular freelist
1591 * as the lockless freelist and zap the regular freelist.
1593 * If that is not working then we fall back to the partial lists. We take the
1594 * first element of the freelist as the object to allocate now and move the
1595 * rest of the freelist to the lockless freelist.
1597 * And if we were unable to get a new slab from the partial slab lists then
1598 * we need to allocate a new slab. This is the slowest path since it involves
1599 * a call to the page allocator and the setup of a new slab.
1601 static void *__slab_alloc(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t gfpflags, int node,
1602 unsigned long addr, struct kmem_cache_cpu *c)
1607 /* We handle __GFP_ZERO in the caller */
1608 gfpflags &= ~__GFP_ZERO;
1614 if (unlikely(!node_match(c, node)))
1617 stat(c, ALLOC_REFILL);
1620 object = c->page->freelist;
1621 if (unlikely(!object))
1623 if (unlikely(SLABDEBUG && PageSlubDebug(c->page)))
1626 c->freelist = object[c->offset];
1627 c->page->inuse = c->page->objects;
1628 c->page->freelist = NULL;
1629 c->node = page_to_nid(c->page);
1631 slab_unlock(c->page);
1632 stat(c, ALLOC_SLOWPATH);
1636 deactivate_slab(s, c);
1639 new = get_partial(s, gfpflags, node);
1642 stat(c, ALLOC_FROM_PARTIAL);
1646 if (gfpflags & __GFP_WAIT)
1649 new = new_slab(s, gfpflags, node);
1651 if (gfpflags & __GFP_WAIT)
1652 local_irq_disable();
1655 c = get_cpu_slab(s, smp_processor_id());
1656 stat(c, ALLOC_SLAB);
1660 __SetPageSlubFrozen(new);
1664 if (!(gfpflags & __GFP_NOWARN) && printk_ratelimit())
1665 slab_out_of_memory(s, gfpflags, node);
1668 if (!alloc_debug_processing(s, c->page, object, addr))
1672 c->page->freelist = object[c->offset];
1678 * Inlined fastpath so that allocation functions (kmalloc, kmem_cache_alloc)
1679 * have the fastpath folded into their functions. So no function call
1680 * overhead for requests that can be satisfied on the fastpath.
1682 * The fastpath works by first checking if the lockless freelist can be used.
1683 * If not then __slab_alloc is called for slow processing.
1685 * Otherwise we can simply pick the next object from the lockless free list.
1687 static __always_inline void *slab_alloc(struct kmem_cache *s,
1688 gfp_t gfpflags, int node, unsigned long addr)
1691 struct kmem_cache_cpu *c;
1692 unsigned long flags;
1693 unsigned int objsize;
1695 gfpflags &= gfp_allowed_mask;
1697 lockdep_trace_alloc(gfpflags);
1698 might_sleep_if(gfpflags & __GFP_WAIT);
1700 if (should_failslab(s->objsize, gfpflags))
1703 local_irq_save(flags);
1704 c = get_cpu_slab(s, smp_processor_id());
1705 objsize = c->objsize;
1706 if (unlikely(!c->freelist || !node_match(c, node)))
1708 object = __slab_alloc(s, gfpflags, node, addr, c);
1711 object = c->freelist;
1712 c->freelist = object[c->offset];
1713 stat(c, ALLOC_FASTPATH);
1715 local_irq_restore(flags);
1717 if (unlikely((gfpflags & __GFP_ZERO) && object))
1718 memset(object, 0, objsize);
1720 kmemcheck_slab_alloc(s, gfpflags, object, c->objsize);
1721 kmemleak_alloc_recursive(object, objsize, 1, s->flags, gfpflags);
1726 void *kmem_cache_alloc(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t gfpflags)
1728 void *ret = slab_alloc(s, gfpflags, -1, _RET_IP_);
1730 trace_kmem_cache_alloc(_RET_IP_, ret, s->objsize, s->size, gfpflags);
1734 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_alloc);
1736 #ifdef CONFIG_KMEMTRACE
1737 void *kmem_cache_alloc_notrace(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t gfpflags)
1739 return slab_alloc(s, gfpflags, -1, _RET_IP_);
1741 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_alloc_notrace);
1745 void *kmem_cache_alloc_node(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t gfpflags, int node)
1747 void *ret = slab_alloc(s, gfpflags, node, _RET_IP_);
1749 trace_kmem_cache_alloc_node(_RET_IP_, ret,
1750 s->objsize, s->size, gfpflags, node);
1754 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_alloc_node);
1757 #ifdef CONFIG_KMEMTRACE
1758 void *kmem_cache_alloc_node_notrace(struct kmem_cache *s,
1762 return slab_alloc(s, gfpflags, node, _RET_IP_);
1764 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_alloc_node_notrace);
1768 * Slow patch handling. This may still be called frequently since objects
1769 * have a longer lifetime than the cpu slabs in most processing loads.
1771 * So we still attempt to reduce cache line usage. Just take the slab
1772 * lock and free the item. If there is no additional partial page
1773 * handling required then we can return immediately.
1775 static void __slab_free(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page,
1776 void *x, unsigned long addr, unsigned int offset)
1779 void **object = (void *)x;
1780 struct kmem_cache_cpu *c;
1782 c = get_cpu_slab(s, raw_smp_processor_id());
1783 stat(c, FREE_SLOWPATH);
1786 if (unlikely(SLABDEBUG && PageSlubDebug(page)))
1790 prior = object[offset] = page->freelist;
1791 page->freelist = object;
1794 if (unlikely(PageSlubFrozen(page))) {
1795 stat(c, FREE_FROZEN);
1799 if (unlikely(!page->inuse))
1803 * Objects left in the slab. If it was not on the partial list before
1806 if (unlikely(!prior)) {
1807 add_partial(get_node(s, page_to_nid(page)), page, 1);
1808 stat(c, FREE_ADD_PARTIAL);
1818 * Slab still on the partial list.
1820 remove_partial(s, page);
1821 stat(c, FREE_REMOVE_PARTIAL);
1825 discard_slab(s, page);
1829 if (!free_debug_processing(s, page, x, addr))
1835 * Fastpath with forced inlining to produce a kfree and kmem_cache_free that
1836 * can perform fastpath freeing without additional function calls.
1838 * The fastpath is only possible if we are freeing to the current cpu slab
1839 * of this processor. This typically the case if we have just allocated
1842 * If fastpath is not possible then fall back to __slab_free where we deal
1843 * with all sorts of special processing.
1845 static __always_inline void slab_free(struct kmem_cache *s,
1846 struct page *page, void *x, unsigned long addr)
1848 void **object = (void *)x;
1849 struct kmem_cache_cpu *c;
1850 unsigned long flags;
1852 kmemleak_free_recursive(x, s->flags);
1853 local_irq_save(flags);
1854 c = get_cpu_slab(s, smp_processor_id());
1855 kmemcheck_slab_free(s, object, c->objsize);
1856 debug_check_no_locks_freed(object, c->objsize);
1857 if (!(s->flags & SLAB_DEBUG_OBJECTS))
1858 debug_check_no_obj_freed(object, c->objsize);
1859 if (likely(page == c->page && c->node >= 0)) {
1860 object[c->offset] = c->freelist;
1861 c->freelist = object;
1862 stat(c, FREE_FASTPATH);
1864 __slab_free(s, page, x, addr, c->offset);
1866 local_irq_restore(flags);
1869 void kmem_cache_free(struct kmem_cache *s, void *x)
1873 page = virt_to_head_page(x);
1875 slab_free(s, page, x, _RET_IP_);
1877 trace_kmem_cache_free(_RET_IP_, x);
1879 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_free);
1881 /* Figure out on which slab page the object resides */
1882 static struct page *get_object_page(const void *x)
1884 struct page *page = virt_to_head_page(x);
1886 if (!PageSlab(page))
1893 * Object placement in a slab is made very easy because we always start at
1894 * offset 0. If we tune the size of the object to the alignment then we can
1895 * get the required alignment by putting one properly sized object after
1898 * Notice that the allocation order determines the sizes of the per cpu
1899 * caches. Each processor has always one slab available for allocations.
1900 * Increasing the allocation order reduces the number of times that slabs
1901 * must be moved on and off the partial lists and is therefore a factor in
1906 * Mininum / Maximum order of slab pages. This influences locking overhead
1907 * and slab fragmentation. A higher order reduces the number of partial slabs
1908 * and increases the number of allocations possible without having to
1909 * take the list_lock.
1911 static int slub_min_order;
1912 static int slub_max_order = PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER;
1913 static int slub_min_objects;
1916 * Merge control. If this is set then no merging of slab caches will occur.
1917 * (Could be removed. This was introduced to pacify the merge skeptics.)
1919 static int slub_nomerge;
1922 * Calculate the order of allocation given an slab object size.
1924 * The order of allocation has significant impact on performance and other
1925 * system components. Generally order 0 allocations should be preferred since
1926 * order 0 does not cause fragmentation in the page allocator. Larger objects
1927 * be problematic to put into order 0 slabs because there may be too much
1928 * unused space left. We go to a higher order if more than 1/16th of the slab
1931 * In order to reach satisfactory performance we must ensure that a minimum
1932 * number of objects is in one slab. Otherwise we may generate too much
1933 * activity on the partial lists which requires taking the list_lock. This is
1934 * less a concern for large slabs though which are rarely used.
1936 * slub_max_order specifies the order where we begin to stop considering the
1937 * number of objects in a slab as critical. If we reach slub_max_order then
1938 * we try to keep the page order as low as possible. So we accept more waste
1939 * of space in favor of a small page order.
1941 * Higher order allocations also allow the placement of more objects in a
1942 * slab and thereby reduce object handling overhead. If the user has
1943 * requested a higher mininum order then we start with that one instead of
1944 * the smallest order which will fit the object.
1946 static inline int slab_order(int size, int min_objects,
1947 int max_order, int fract_leftover)
1951 int min_order = slub_min_order;
1953 if ((PAGE_SIZE << min_order) / size > MAX_OBJS_PER_PAGE)
1954 return get_order(size * MAX_OBJS_PER_PAGE) - 1;
1956 for (order = max(min_order,
1957 fls(min_objects * size - 1) - PAGE_SHIFT);
1958 order <= max_order; order++) {
1960 unsigned long slab_size = PAGE_SIZE << order;
1962 if (slab_size < min_objects * size)
1965 rem = slab_size % size;
1967 if (rem <= slab_size / fract_leftover)
1975 static inline int calculate_order(int size)
1983 * Attempt to find best configuration for a slab. This
1984 * works by first attempting to generate a layout with
1985 * the best configuration and backing off gradually.
1987 * First we reduce the acceptable waste in a slab. Then
1988 * we reduce the minimum objects required in a slab.
1990 min_objects = slub_min_objects;
1992 min_objects = 4 * (fls(nr_cpu_ids) + 1);
1993 max_objects = (PAGE_SIZE << slub_max_order)/size;
1994 min_objects = min(min_objects, max_objects);
1996 while (min_objects > 1) {
1998 while (fraction >= 4) {
1999 order = slab_order(size, min_objects,
2000 slub_max_order, fraction);
2001 if (order <= slub_max_order)
2009 * We were unable to place multiple objects in a slab. Now
2010 * lets see if we can place a single object there.
2012 order = slab_order(size, 1, slub_max_order, 1);
2013 if (order <= slub_max_order)
2017 * Doh this slab cannot be placed using slub_max_order.
2019 order = slab_order(size, 1, MAX_ORDER, 1);
2020 if (order < MAX_ORDER)
2026 * Figure out what the alignment of the objects will be.
2028 static unsigned long calculate_alignment(unsigned long flags,
2029 unsigned long align, unsigned long size)
2032 * If the user wants hardware cache aligned objects then follow that
2033 * suggestion if the object is sufficiently large.
2035 * The hardware cache alignment cannot override the specified
2036 * alignment though. If that is greater then use it.
2038 if (flags & SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN) {
2039 unsigned long ralign = cache_line_size();
2040 while (size <= ralign / 2)
2042 align = max(align, ralign);
2045 if (align < ARCH_SLAB_MINALIGN)
2046 align = ARCH_SLAB_MINALIGN;
2048 return ALIGN(align, sizeof(void *));
2051 static void init_kmem_cache_cpu(struct kmem_cache *s,
2052 struct kmem_cache_cpu *c)
2057 c->offset = s->offset / sizeof(void *);
2058 c->objsize = s->objsize;
2059 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_STATS
2060 memset(c->stat, 0, NR_SLUB_STAT_ITEMS * sizeof(unsigned));
2065 init_kmem_cache_node(struct kmem_cache_node *n, struct kmem_cache *s)
2068 spin_lock_init(&n->list_lock);
2069 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&n->partial);
2070 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG
2071 atomic_long_set(&n->nr_slabs, 0);
2072 atomic_long_set(&n->total_objects, 0);
2073 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&n->full);
2079 * Per cpu array for per cpu structures.
2081 * The per cpu array places all kmem_cache_cpu structures from one processor
2082 * close together meaning that it becomes possible that multiple per cpu
2083 * structures are contained in one cacheline. This may be particularly
2084 * beneficial for the kmalloc caches.
2086 * A desktop system typically has around 60-80 slabs. With 100 here we are
2087 * likely able to get per cpu structures for all caches from the array defined
2088 * here. We must be able to cover all kmalloc caches during bootstrap.
2090 * If the per cpu array is exhausted then fall back to kmalloc
2091 * of individual cachelines. No sharing is possible then.
2093 #define NR_KMEM_CACHE_CPU 100
2095 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct kmem_cache_cpu,
2096 kmem_cache_cpu)[NR_KMEM_CACHE_CPU];
2098 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct kmem_cache_cpu *, kmem_cache_cpu_free);
2099 static DECLARE_BITMAP(kmem_cach_cpu_free_init_once, CONFIG_NR_CPUS);
2101 static struct kmem_cache_cpu *alloc_kmem_cache_cpu(struct kmem_cache *s,
2102 int cpu, gfp_t flags)
2104 struct kmem_cache_cpu *c = per_cpu(kmem_cache_cpu_free, cpu);
2107 per_cpu(kmem_cache_cpu_free, cpu) =
2108 (void *)c->freelist;
2110 /* Table overflow: So allocate ourselves */
2112 ALIGN(sizeof(struct kmem_cache_cpu), cache_line_size()),
2113 flags, cpu_to_node(cpu));
2118 init_kmem_cache_cpu(s, c);
2122 static void free_kmem_cache_cpu(struct kmem_cache_cpu *c, int cpu)
2124 if (c < per_cpu(kmem_cache_cpu, cpu) ||
2125 c >= per_cpu(kmem_cache_cpu, cpu) + NR_KMEM_CACHE_CPU) {
2129 c->freelist = (void *)per_cpu(kmem_cache_cpu_free, cpu);
2130 per_cpu(kmem_cache_cpu_free, cpu) = c;
2133 static void free_kmem_cache_cpus(struct kmem_cache *s)
2137 for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
2138 struct kmem_cache_cpu *c = get_cpu_slab(s, cpu);
2141 s->cpu_slab[cpu] = NULL;
2142 free_kmem_cache_cpu(c, cpu);
2147 static int alloc_kmem_cache_cpus(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t flags)
2151 for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
2152 struct kmem_cache_cpu *c = get_cpu_slab(s, cpu);
2157 c = alloc_kmem_cache_cpu(s, cpu, flags);
2159 free_kmem_cache_cpus(s);
2162 s->cpu_slab[cpu] = c;
2168 * Initialize the per cpu array.
2170 static void init_alloc_cpu_cpu(int cpu)
2174 if (cpumask_test_cpu(cpu, to_cpumask(kmem_cach_cpu_free_init_once)))
2177 for (i = NR_KMEM_CACHE_CPU - 1; i >= 0; i--)
2178 free_kmem_cache_cpu(&per_cpu(kmem_cache_cpu, cpu)[i], cpu);
2180 cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, to_cpumask(kmem_cach_cpu_free_init_once));
2183 static void __init init_alloc_cpu(void)
2187 for_each_online_cpu(cpu)
2188 init_alloc_cpu_cpu(cpu);
2192 static inline void free_kmem_cache_cpus(struct kmem_cache *s) {}
2193 static inline void init_alloc_cpu(void) {}
2195 static inline int alloc_kmem_cache_cpus(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t flags)
2197 init_kmem_cache_cpu(s, &s->cpu_slab);
2204 * No kmalloc_node yet so do it by hand. We know that this is the first
2205 * slab on the node for this slabcache. There are no concurrent accesses
2208 * Note that this function only works on the kmalloc_node_cache
2209 * when allocating for the kmalloc_node_cache. This is used for bootstrapping
2210 * memory on a fresh node that has no slab structures yet.
2212 static void early_kmem_cache_node_alloc(gfp_t gfpflags, int node)
2215 struct kmem_cache_node *n;
2216 unsigned long flags;
2218 BUG_ON(kmalloc_caches->size < sizeof(struct kmem_cache_node));
2220 page = new_slab(kmalloc_caches, gfpflags, node);
2223 if (page_to_nid(page) != node) {
2224 printk(KERN_ERR "SLUB: Unable to allocate memory from "
2226 printk(KERN_ERR "SLUB: Allocating a useless per node structure "
2227 "in order to be able to continue\n");
2232 page->freelist = get_freepointer(kmalloc_caches, n);
2234 kmalloc_caches->node[node] = n;
2235 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG
2236 init_object(kmalloc_caches, n, 1);
2237 init_tracking(kmalloc_caches, n);
2239 init_kmem_cache_node(n, kmalloc_caches);
2240 inc_slabs_node(kmalloc_caches, node, page->objects);
2243 * lockdep requires consistent irq usage for each lock
2244 * so even though there cannot be a race this early in
2245 * the boot sequence, we still disable irqs.
2247 local_irq_save(flags);
2248 add_partial(n, page, 0);
2249 local_irq_restore(flags);
2252 static void free_kmem_cache_nodes(struct kmem_cache *s)
2256 for_each_node_state(node, N_NORMAL_MEMORY) {
2257 struct kmem_cache_node *n = s->node[node];
2258 if (n && n != &s->local_node)
2259 kmem_cache_free(kmalloc_caches, n);
2260 s->node[node] = NULL;
2264 static int init_kmem_cache_nodes(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t gfpflags)
2269 if (slab_state >= UP)
2270 local_node = page_to_nid(virt_to_page(s));
2274 for_each_node_state(node, N_NORMAL_MEMORY) {
2275 struct kmem_cache_node *n;
2277 if (local_node == node)
2280 if (slab_state == DOWN) {
2281 early_kmem_cache_node_alloc(gfpflags, node);
2284 n = kmem_cache_alloc_node(kmalloc_caches,
2288 free_kmem_cache_nodes(s);
2294 init_kmem_cache_node(n, s);
2299 static void free_kmem_cache_nodes(struct kmem_cache *s)
2303 static int init_kmem_cache_nodes(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t gfpflags)
2305 init_kmem_cache_node(&s->local_node, s);
2310 static void set_min_partial(struct kmem_cache *s, unsigned long min)
2312 if (min < MIN_PARTIAL)
2314 else if (min > MAX_PARTIAL)
2316 s->min_partial = min;
2320 * calculate_sizes() determines the order and the distribution of data within
2323 static int calculate_sizes(struct kmem_cache *s, int forced_order)
2325 unsigned long flags = s->flags;
2326 unsigned long size = s->objsize;
2327 unsigned long align = s->align;
2331 * Round up object size to the next word boundary. We can only
2332 * place the free pointer at word boundaries and this determines
2333 * the possible location of the free pointer.
2335 size = ALIGN(size, sizeof(void *));
2337 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG
2339 * Determine if we can poison the object itself. If the user of
2340 * the slab may touch the object after free or before allocation
2341 * then we should never poison the object itself.
2343 if ((flags & SLAB_POISON) && !(flags & SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU) &&
2345 s->flags |= __OBJECT_POISON;
2347 s->flags &= ~__OBJECT_POISON;
2351 * If we are Redzoning then check if there is some space between the
2352 * end of the object and the free pointer. If not then add an
2353 * additional word to have some bytes to store Redzone information.
2355 if ((flags & SLAB_RED_ZONE) && size == s->objsize)
2356 size += sizeof(void *);
2360 * With that we have determined the number of bytes in actual use
2361 * by the object. This is the potential offset to the free pointer.
2365 if (((flags & (SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU | SLAB_POISON)) ||
2368 * Relocate free pointer after the object if it is not
2369 * permitted to overwrite the first word of the object on
2372 * This is the case if we do RCU, have a constructor or
2373 * destructor or are poisoning the objects.
2376 size += sizeof(void *);
2379 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG
2380 if (flags & SLAB_STORE_USER)
2382 * Need to store information about allocs and frees after
2385 size += 2 * sizeof(struct track);
2387 if (flags & SLAB_RED_ZONE)
2389 * Add some empty padding so that we can catch
2390 * overwrites from earlier objects rather than let
2391 * tracking information or the free pointer be
2392 * corrupted if a user writes before the start
2395 size += sizeof(void *);
2399 * Determine the alignment based on various parameters that the
2400 * user specified and the dynamic determination of cache line size
2403 align = calculate_alignment(flags, align, s->objsize);
2406 * SLUB stores one object immediately after another beginning from
2407 * offset 0. In order to align the objects we have to simply size
2408 * each object to conform to the alignment.
2410 size = ALIGN(size, align);
2412 if (forced_order >= 0)
2413 order = forced_order;
2415 order = calculate_order(size);
2422 s->allocflags |= __GFP_COMP;
2424 if (s->flags & SLAB_CACHE_DMA)
2425 s->allocflags |= SLUB_DMA;
2427 if (s->flags & SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT)
2428 s->allocflags |= __GFP_RECLAIMABLE;
2431 * Determine the number of objects per slab
2433 s->oo = oo_make(order, size);
2434 s->min = oo_make(get_order(size), size);
2435 if (oo_objects(s->oo) > oo_objects(s->max))
2438 return !!oo_objects(s->oo);
2442 static int kmem_cache_open(struct kmem_cache *s, gfp_t gfpflags,
2443 const char *name, size_t size,
2444 size_t align, unsigned long flags,
2445 void (*ctor)(void *))
2447 memset(s, 0, kmem_size);
2452 s->flags = kmem_cache_flags(size, flags, name, ctor);
2454 if (!calculate_sizes(s, -1))
2458 * The larger the object size is, the more pages we want on the partial
2459 * list to avoid pounding the page allocator excessively.
2461 set_min_partial(s, ilog2(s->size));
2464 s->remote_node_defrag_ratio = 1000;
2466 if (!init_kmem_cache_nodes(s, gfpflags & ~SLUB_DMA))
2469 if (alloc_kmem_cache_cpus(s, gfpflags & ~SLUB_DMA))
2471 free_kmem_cache_nodes(s);
2473 if (flags & SLAB_PANIC)
2474 panic("Cannot create slab %s size=%lu realsize=%u "
2475 "order=%u offset=%u flags=%lx\n",
2476 s->name, (unsigned long)size, s->size, oo_order(s->oo),
2482 * Check if a given pointer is valid
2484 int kmem_ptr_validate(struct kmem_cache *s, const void *object)
2488 page = get_object_page(object);
2490 if (!page || s != page->slab)
2491 /* No slab or wrong slab */
2494 if (!check_valid_pointer(s, page, object))
2498 * We could also check if the object is on the slabs freelist.
2499 * But this would be too expensive and it seems that the main
2500 * purpose of kmem_ptr_valid() is to check if the object belongs
2501 * to a certain slab.
2505 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_ptr_validate);
2508 * Determine the size of a slab object
2510 unsigned int kmem_cache_size(struct kmem_cache *s)
2514 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_size);
2516 const char *kmem_cache_name(struct kmem_cache *s)
2520 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_name);
2522 static void list_slab_objects(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page,
2525 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG
2526 void *addr = page_address(page);
2528 DECLARE_BITMAP(map, page->objects);
2530 bitmap_zero(map, page->objects);
2531 slab_err(s, page, "%s", text);
2533 for_each_free_object(p, s, page->freelist)
2534 set_bit(slab_index(p, s, addr), map);
2536 for_each_object(p, s, addr, page->objects) {
2538 if (!test_bit(slab_index(p, s, addr), map)) {
2539 printk(KERN_ERR "INFO: Object 0x%p @offset=%tu\n",
2541 print_tracking(s, p);
2549 * Attempt to free all partial slabs on a node.
2551 static void free_partial(struct kmem_cache *s, struct kmem_cache_node *n)
2553 unsigned long flags;
2554 struct page *page, *h;
2556 spin_lock_irqsave(&n->list_lock, flags);
2557 list_for_each_entry_safe(page, h, &n->partial, lru) {
2559 list_del(&page->lru);
2560 discard_slab(s, page);
2563 list_slab_objects(s, page,
2564 "Objects remaining on kmem_cache_close()");
2567 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&n->list_lock, flags);
2571 * Release all resources used by a slab cache.
2573 static inline int kmem_cache_close(struct kmem_cache *s)
2579 /* Attempt to free all objects */
2580 free_kmem_cache_cpus(s);
2581 for_each_node_state(node, N_NORMAL_MEMORY) {
2582 struct kmem_cache_node *n = get_node(s, node);
2585 if (n->nr_partial || slabs_node(s, node))
2588 free_kmem_cache_nodes(s);
2593 * Close a cache and release the kmem_cache structure
2594 * (must be used for caches created using kmem_cache_create)
2596 void kmem_cache_destroy(struct kmem_cache *s)
2598 if (s->flags & SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU)
2600 down_write(&slub_lock);
2604 up_write(&slub_lock);
2605 if (kmem_cache_close(s)) {
2606 printk(KERN_ERR "SLUB %s: %s called for cache that "
2607 "still has objects.\n", s->name, __func__);
2610 sysfs_slab_remove(s);
2612 up_write(&slub_lock);
2614 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_destroy);
2616 /********************************************************************
2618 *******************************************************************/
2620 struct kmem_cache kmalloc_caches[SLUB_PAGE_SHIFT] __cacheline_aligned;
2621 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmalloc_caches);
2623 static int __init setup_slub_min_order(char *str)
2625 get_option(&str, &slub_min_order);
2630 __setup("slub_min_order=", setup_slub_min_order);
2632 static int __init setup_slub_max_order(char *str)
2634 get_option(&str, &slub_max_order);
2635 slub_max_order = min(slub_max_order, MAX_ORDER - 1);
2640 __setup("slub_max_order=", setup_slub_max_order);
2642 static int __init setup_slub_min_objects(char *str)
2644 get_option(&str, &slub_min_objects);
2649 __setup("slub_min_objects=", setup_slub_min_objects);
2651 static int __init setup_slub_nomerge(char *str)
2657 __setup("slub_nomerge", setup_slub_nomerge);
2659 static struct kmem_cache *create_kmalloc_cache(struct kmem_cache *s,
2660 const char *name, int size, gfp_t gfp_flags)
2662 unsigned int flags = 0;
2664 if (gfp_flags & SLUB_DMA)
2665 flags = SLAB_CACHE_DMA;
2668 * This function is called with IRQs disabled during early-boot on
2669 * single CPU so there's no need to take slub_lock here.
2671 if (!kmem_cache_open(s, gfp_flags, name, size, ARCH_KMALLOC_MINALIGN,
2675 list_add(&s->list, &slab_caches);
2677 if (sysfs_slab_add(s))
2682 panic("Creation of kmalloc slab %s size=%d failed.\n", name, size);
2685 #ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA
2686 static struct kmem_cache *kmalloc_caches_dma[SLUB_PAGE_SHIFT];
2688 static void sysfs_add_func(struct work_struct *w)
2690 struct kmem_cache *s;
2692 down_write(&slub_lock);
2693 list_for_each_entry(s, &slab_caches, list) {
2694 if (s->flags & __SYSFS_ADD_DEFERRED) {
2695 s->flags &= ~__SYSFS_ADD_DEFERRED;
2699 up_write(&slub_lock);
2702 static DECLARE_WORK(sysfs_add_work, sysfs_add_func);
2704 static noinline struct kmem_cache *dma_kmalloc_cache(int index, gfp_t flags)
2706 struct kmem_cache *s;
2709 unsigned long slabflags;
2711 s = kmalloc_caches_dma[index];
2715 /* Dynamically create dma cache */
2716 if (flags & __GFP_WAIT)
2717 down_write(&slub_lock);
2719 if (!down_write_trylock(&slub_lock))
2723 if (kmalloc_caches_dma[index])
2726 realsize = kmalloc_caches[index].objsize;
2727 text = kasprintf(flags & ~SLUB_DMA, "kmalloc_dma-%d",
2728 (unsigned int)realsize);
2729 s = kmalloc(kmem_size, flags & ~SLUB_DMA);
2732 * Must defer sysfs creation to a workqueue because we don't know
2733 * what context we are called from. Before sysfs comes up, we don't
2734 * need to do anything because our sysfs initcall will start by
2735 * adding all existing slabs to sysfs.
2737 slabflags = SLAB_CACHE_DMA|SLAB_NOTRACK;
2738 if (slab_state >= SYSFS)
2739 slabflags |= __SYSFS_ADD_DEFERRED;
2741 if (!s || !text || !kmem_cache_open(s, flags, text,
2742 realsize, ARCH_KMALLOC_MINALIGN, slabflags, NULL)) {
2748 list_add(&s->list, &slab_caches);
2749 kmalloc_caches_dma[index] = s;
2751 if (slab_state >= SYSFS)
2752 schedule_work(&sysfs_add_work);
2755 up_write(&slub_lock);
2757 return kmalloc_caches_dma[index];
2762 * Conversion table for small slabs sizes / 8 to the index in the
2763 * kmalloc array. This is necessary for slabs < 192 since we have non power
2764 * of two cache sizes there. The size of larger slabs can be determined using
2767 static s8 size_index[24] = {
2794 static struct kmem_cache *get_slab(size_t size, gfp_t flags)
2800 return ZERO_SIZE_PTR;
2802 index = size_index[(size - 1) / 8];
2804 index = fls(size - 1);
2806 #ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA
2807 if (unlikely((flags & SLUB_DMA)))
2808 return dma_kmalloc_cache(index, flags);
2811 return &kmalloc_caches[index];
2814 void *__kmalloc(size_t size, gfp_t flags)
2816 struct kmem_cache *s;
2819 if (unlikely(size > SLUB_MAX_SIZE))
2820 return kmalloc_large(size, flags);
2822 s = get_slab(size, flags);
2824 if (unlikely(ZERO_OR_NULL_PTR(s)))
2827 ret = slab_alloc(s, flags, -1, _RET_IP_);
2829 trace_kmalloc(_RET_IP_, ret, size, s->size, flags);
2833 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__kmalloc);
2835 static void *kmalloc_large_node(size_t size, gfp_t flags, int node)
2839 flags |= __GFP_COMP | __GFP_NOTRACK;
2840 page = alloc_pages_node(node, flags, get_order(size));
2842 return page_address(page);
2848 void *__kmalloc_node(size_t size, gfp_t flags, int node)
2850 struct kmem_cache *s;
2853 if (unlikely(size > SLUB_MAX_SIZE)) {
2854 ret = kmalloc_large_node(size, flags, node);
2856 trace_kmalloc_node(_RET_IP_, ret,
2857 size, PAGE_SIZE << get_order(size),
2863 s = get_slab(size, flags);
2865 if (unlikely(ZERO_OR_NULL_PTR(s)))
2868 ret = slab_alloc(s, flags, node, _RET_IP_);
2870 trace_kmalloc_node(_RET_IP_, ret, size, s->size, flags, node);
2874 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__kmalloc_node);
2877 size_t ksize(const void *object)
2880 struct kmem_cache *s;
2882 if (unlikely(object == ZERO_SIZE_PTR))
2885 page = virt_to_head_page(object);
2887 if (unlikely(!PageSlab(page))) {
2888 WARN_ON(!PageCompound(page));
2889 return PAGE_SIZE << compound_order(page);
2893 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG
2895 * Debugging requires use of the padding between object
2896 * and whatever may come after it.
2898 if (s->flags & (SLAB_RED_ZONE | SLAB_POISON))
2903 * If we have the need to store the freelist pointer
2904 * back there or track user information then we can
2905 * only use the space before that information.
2907 if (s->flags & (SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU | SLAB_STORE_USER))
2910 * Else we can use all the padding etc for the allocation
2914 EXPORT_SYMBOL(ksize);
2916 void kfree(const void *x)
2919 void *object = (void *)x;
2921 trace_kfree(_RET_IP_, x);
2923 if (unlikely(ZERO_OR_NULL_PTR(x)))
2926 page = virt_to_head_page(x);
2927 if (unlikely(!PageSlab(page))) {
2928 BUG_ON(!PageCompound(page));
2932 slab_free(page->slab, page, object, _RET_IP_);
2934 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kfree);
2937 * kmem_cache_shrink removes empty slabs from the partial lists and sorts
2938 * the remaining slabs by the number of items in use. The slabs with the
2939 * most items in use come first. New allocations will then fill those up
2940 * and thus they can be removed from the partial lists.
2942 * The slabs with the least items are placed last. This results in them
2943 * being allocated from last increasing the chance that the last objects
2944 * are freed in them.
2946 int kmem_cache_shrink(struct kmem_cache *s)
2950 struct kmem_cache_node *n;
2953 int objects = oo_objects(s->max);
2954 struct list_head *slabs_by_inuse =
2955 kmalloc(sizeof(struct list_head) * objects, GFP_KERNEL);
2956 unsigned long flags;
2958 if (!slabs_by_inuse)
2962 for_each_node_state(node, N_NORMAL_MEMORY) {
2963 n = get_node(s, node);
2968 for (i = 0; i < objects; i++)
2969 INIT_LIST_HEAD(slabs_by_inuse + i);
2971 spin_lock_irqsave(&n->list_lock, flags);
2974 * Build lists indexed by the items in use in each slab.
2976 * Note that concurrent frees may occur while we hold the
2977 * list_lock. page->inuse here is the upper limit.
2979 list_for_each_entry_safe(page, t, &n->partial, lru) {
2980 if (!page->inuse && slab_trylock(page)) {
2982 * Must hold slab lock here because slab_free
2983 * may have freed the last object and be
2984 * waiting to release the slab.
2986 list_del(&page->lru);
2989 discard_slab(s, page);
2991 list_move(&page->lru,
2992 slabs_by_inuse + page->inuse);
2997 * Rebuild the partial list with the slabs filled up most
2998 * first and the least used slabs at the end.
3000 for (i = objects - 1; i >= 0; i--)
3001 list_splice(slabs_by_inuse + i, n->partial.prev);
3003 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&n->list_lock, flags);
3006 kfree(slabs_by_inuse);
3009 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_shrink);
3011 #if defined(CONFIG_NUMA) && defined(CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG)
3012 static int slab_mem_going_offline_callback(void *arg)
3014 struct kmem_cache *s;
3016 down_read(&slub_lock);
3017 list_for_each_entry(s, &slab_caches, list)
3018 kmem_cache_shrink(s);
3019 up_read(&slub_lock);
3024 static void slab_mem_offline_callback(void *arg)
3026 struct kmem_cache_node *n;
3027 struct kmem_cache *s;
3028 struct memory_notify *marg = arg;
3031 offline_node = marg->status_change_nid;
3034 * If the node still has available memory. we need kmem_cache_node
3037 if (offline_node < 0)
3040 down_read(&slub_lock);
3041 list_for_each_entry(s, &slab_caches, list) {
3042 n = get_node(s, offline_node);
3045 * if n->nr_slabs > 0, slabs still exist on the node
3046 * that is going down. We were unable to free them,
3047 * and offline_pages() function shoudn't call this
3048 * callback. So, we must fail.
3050 BUG_ON(slabs_node(s, offline_node));
3052 s->node[offline_node] = NULL;
3053 kmem_cache_free(kmalloc_caches, n);
3056 up_read(&slub_lock);
3059 static int slab_mem_going_online_callback(void *arg)
3061 struct kmem_cache_node *n;
3062 struct kmem_cache *s;
3063 struct memory_notify *marg = arg;
3064 int nid = marg->status_change_nid;
3068 * If the node's memory is already available, then kmem_cache_node is
3069 * already created. Nothing to do.
3075 * We are bringing a node online. No memory is available yet. We must
3076 * allocate a kmem_cache_node structure in order to bring the node
3079 down_read(&slub_lock);
3080 list_for_each_entry(s, &slab_caches, list) {
3082 * XXX: kmem_cache_alloc_node will fallback to other nodes
3083 * since memory is not yet available from the node that
3086 n = kmem_cache_alloc(kmalloc_caches, GFP_KERNEL);
3091 init_kmem_cache_node(n, s);
3095 up_read(&slub_lock);
3099 static int slab_memory_callback(struct notifier_block *self,
3100 unsigned long action, void *arg)
3105 case MEM_GOING_ONLINE:
3106 ret = slab_mem_going_online_callback(arg);
3108 case MEM_GOING_OFFLINE:
3109 ret = slab_mem_going_offline_callback(arg);
3112 case MEM_CANCEL_ONLINE:
3113 slab_mem_offline_callback(arg);
3116 case MEM_CANCEL_OFFLINE:
3120 ret = notifier_from_errno(ret);
3126 #endif /* CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG */
3128 /********************************************************************
3129 * Basic setup of slabs
3130 *******************************************************************/
3132 void __init kmem_cache_init(void)
3141 * Must first have the slab cache available for the allocations of the
3142 * struct kmem_cache_node's. There is special bootstrap code in
3143 * kmem_cache_open for slab_state == DOWN.
3145 create_kmalloc_cache(&kmalloc_caches[0], "kmem_cache_node",
3146 sizeof(struct kmem_cache_node), GFP_NOWAIT);
3147 kmalloc_caches[0].refcount = -1;
3150 hotplug_memory_notifier(slab_memory_callback, SLAB_CALLBACK_PRI);
3153 /* Able to allocate the per node structures */
3154 slab_state = PARTIAL;
3156 /* Caches that are not of the two-to-the-power-of size */
3157 if (KMALLOC_MIN_SIZE <= 64) {
3158 create_kmalloc_cache(&kmalloc_caches[1],
3159 "kmalloc-96", 96, GFP_NOWAIT);
3161 create_kmalloc_cache(&kmalloc_caches[2],
3162 "kmalloc-192", 192, GFP_NOWAIT);
3166 for (i = KMALLOC_SHIFT_LOW; i < SLUB_PAGE_SHIFT; i++) {
3167 create_kmalloc_cache(&kmalloc_caches[i],
3168 "kmalloc", 1 << i, GFP_NOWAIT);
3174 * Patch up the size_index table if we have strange large alignment
3175 * requirements for the kmalloc array. This is only the case for
3176 * MIPS it seems. The standard arches will not generate any code here.
3178 * Largest permitted alignment is 256 bytes due to the way we
3179 * handle the index determination for the smaller caches.
3181 * Make sure that nothing crazy happens if someone starts tinkering
3182 * around with ARCH_KMALLOC_MINALIGN
3184 BUILD_BUG_ON(KMALLOC_MIN_SIZE > 256 ||
3185 (KMALLOC_MIN_SIZE & (KMALLOC_MIN_SIZE - 1)));
3187 for (i = 8; i < KMALLOC_MIN_SIZE; i += 8)
3188 size_index[(i - 1) / 8] = KMALLOC_SHIFT_LOW;
3190 if (KMALLOC_MIN_SIZE == 128) {
3192 * The 192 byte sized cache is not used if the alignment
3193 * is 128 byte. Redirect kmalloc to use the 256 byte cache
3196 for (i = 128 + 8; i <= 192; i += 8)
3197 size_index[(i - 1) / 8] = 8;
3202 /* Provide the correct kmalloc names now that the caches are up */
3203 for (i = KMALLOC_SHIFT_LOW; i < SLUB_PAGE_SHIFT; i++)
3204 kmalloc_caches[i]. name =
3205 kasprintf(GFP_NOWAIT, "kmalloc-%d", 1 << i);
3208 register_cpu_notifier(&slab_notifier);
3209 kmem_size = offsetof(struct kmem_cache, cpu_slab) +
3210 nr_cpu_ids * sizeof(struct kmem_cache_cpu *);
3212 kmem_size = sizeof(struct kmem_cache);
3216 "SLUB: Genslabs=%d, HWalign=%d, Order=%d-%d, MinObjects=%d,"
3217 " CPUs=%d, Nodes=%d\n",
3218 caches, cache_line_size(),
3219 slub_min_order, slub_max_order, slub_min_objects,
3220 nr_cpu_ids, nr_node_ids);
3223 void __init kmem_cache_init_late(void)
3228 * Find a mergeable slab cache
3230 static int slab_unmergeable(struct kmem_cache *s)
3232 if (slub_nomerge || (s->flags & SLUB_NEVER_MERGE))
3239 * We may have set a slab to be unmergeable during bootstrap.
3241 if (s->refcount < 0)
3247 static struct kmem_cache *find_mergeable(size_t size,
3248 size_t align, unsigned long flags, const char *name,
3249 void (*ctor)(void *))
3251 struct kmem_cache *s;
3253 if (slub_nomerge || (flags & SLUB_NEVER_MERGE))
3259 size = ALIGN(size, sizeof(void *));
3260 align = calculate_alignment(flags, align, size);
3261 size = ALIGN(size, align);
3262 flags = kmem_cache_flags(size, flags, name, NULL);
3264 list_for_each_entry(s, &slab_caches, list) {
3265 if (slab_unmergeable(s))
3271 if ((flags & SLUB_MERGE_SAME) != (s->flags & SLUB_MERGE_SAME))
3274 * Check if alignment is compatible.
3275 * Courtesy of Adrian Drzewiecki
3277 if ((s->size & ~(align - 1)) != s->size)
3280 if (s->size - size >= sizeof(void *))
3288 struct kmem_cache *kmem_cache_create(const char *name, size_t size,
3289 size_t align, unsigned long flags, void (*ctor)(void *))
3291 struct kmem_cache *s;
3293 down_write(&slub_lock);
3294 s = find_mergeable(size, align, flags, name, ctor);
3300 * Adjust the object sizes so that we clear
3301 * the complete object on kzalloc.
3303 s->objsize = max(s->objsize, (int)size);
3306 * And then we need to update the object size in the
3307 * per cpu structures
3309 for_each_online_cpu(cpu)
3310 get_cpu_slab(s, cpu)->objsize = s->objsize;
3312 s->inuse = max_t(int, s->inuse, ALIGN(size, sizeof(void *)));
3313 up_write(&slub_lock);
3315 if (sysfs_slab_alias(s, name)) {
3316 down_write(&slub_lock);
3318 up_write(&slub_lock);
3324 s = kmalloc(kmem_size, GFP_KERNEL);
3326 if (kmem_cache_open(s, GFP_KERNEL, name,
3327 size, align, flags, ctor)) {
3328 list_add(&s->list, &slab_caches);
3329 up_write(&slub_lock);
3330 if (sysfs_slab_add(s)) {
3331 down_write(&slub_lock);
3333 up_write(&slub_lock);
3341 up_write(&slub_lock);
3344 if (flags & SLAB_PANIC)
3345 panic("Cannot create slabcache %s\n", name);
3350 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_create);
3354 * Use the cpu notifier to insure that the cpu slabs are flushed when
3357 static int __cpuinit slab_cpuup_callback(struct notifier_block *nfb,
3358 unsigned long action, void *hcpu)
3360 long cpu = (long)hcpu;
3361 struct kmem_cache *s;
3362 unsigned long flags;
3365 case CPU_UP_PREPARE:
3366 case CPU_UP_PREPARE_FROZEN:
3367 init_alloc_cpu_cpu(cpu);
3368 down_read(&slub_lock);
3369 list_for_each_entry(s, &slab_caches, list)
3370 s->cpu_slab[cpu] = alloc_kmem_cache_cpu(s, cpu,
3372 up_read(&slub_lock);
3375 case CPU_UP_CANCELED:
3376 case CPU_UP_CANCELED_FROZEN:
3378 case CPU_DEAD_FROZEN:
3379 down_read(&slub_lock);
3380 list_for_each_entry(s, &slab_caches, list) {
3381 struct kmem_cache_cpu *c = get_cpu_slab(s, cpu);
3383 local_irq_save(flags);
3384 __flush_cpu_slab(s, cpu);
3385 local_irq_restore(flags);
3386 free_kmem_cache_cpu(c, cpu);
3387 s->cpu_slab[cpu] = NULL;
3389 up_read(&slub_lock);
3397 static struct notifier_block __cpuinitdata slab_notifier = {
3398 .notifier_call = slab_cpuup_callback
3403 void *__kmalloc_track_caller(size_t size, gfp_t gfpflags, unsigned long caller)
3405 struct kmem_cache *s;
3408 if (unlikely(size > SLUB_MAX_SIZE))
3409 return kmalloc_large(size, gfpflags);
3411 s = get_slab(size, gfpflags);
3413 if (unlikely(ZERO_OR_NULL_PTR(s)))
3416 ret = slab_alloc(s, gfpflags, -1, caller);
3418 /* Honor the call site pointer we recieved. */
3419 trace_kmalloc(caller, ret, size, s->size, gfpflags);
3424 void *__kmalloc_node_track_caller(size_t size, gfp_t gfpflags,
3425 int node, unsigned long caller)
3427 struct kmem_cache *s;
3430 if (unlikely(size > SLUB_MAX_SIZE))
3431 return kmalloc_large_node(size, gfpflags, node);
3433 s = get_slab(size, gfpflags);
3435 if (unlikely(ZERO_OR_NULL_PTR(s)))
3438 ret = slab_alloc(s, gfpflags, node, caller);
3440 /* Honor the call site pointer we recieved. */
3441 trace_kmalloc_node(caller, ret, size, s->size, gfpflags, node);
3446 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_DEBUG
3447 static int count_inuse(struct page *page)
3452 static int count_total(struct page *page)
3454 return page->objects;
3457 static int validate_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page,
3461 void *addr = page_address(page);
3463 if (!check_slab(s, page) ||
3464 !on_freelist(s, page, NULL))
3467 /* Now we know that a valid freelist exists */
3468 bitmap_zero(map, page->objects);
3470 for_each_free_object(p, s, page->freelist) {
3471 set_bit(slab_index(p, s, addr), map);
3472 if (!check_object(s, page, p, 0))
3476 for_each_object(p, s, addr, page->objects)
3477 if (!test_bit(slab_index(p, s, addr), map))
3478 if (!check_object(s, page, p, 1))
3483 static void validate_slab_slab(struct kmem_cache *s, struct page *page,
3486 if (slab_trylock(page)) {
3487 validate_slab(s, page, map);
3490 printk(KERN_INFO "SLUB %s: Skipped busy slab 0x%p\n",
3493 if (s->flags & DEBUG_DEFAULT_FLAGS) {
3494 if (!PageSlubDebug(page))
3495 printk(KERN_ERR "SLUB %s: SlubDebug not set "
3496 "on slab 0x%p\n", s->name, page);
3498 if (PageSlubDebug(page))
3499 printk(KERN_ERR "SLUB %s: SlubDebug set on "
3500 "slab 0x%p\n", s->name, page);
3504 static int validate_slab_node(struct kmem_cache *s,
3505 struct kmem_cache_node *n, unsigned long *map)
3507 unsigned long count = 0;
3509 unsigned long flags;
3511 spin_lock_irqsave(&n->list_lock, flags);
3513 list_for_each_entry(page, &n->partial, lru) {
3514 validate_slab_slab(s, page, map);
3517 if (count != n->nr_partial)
3518 printk(KERN_ERR "SLUB %s: %ld partial slabs counted but "
3519 "counter=%ld\n", s->name, count, n->nr_partial);
3521 if (!(s->flags & SLAB_STORE_USER))
3524 list_for_each_entry(page, &n->full, lru) {
3525 validate_slab_slab(s, page, map);
3528 if (count != atomic_long_read(&n->nr_slabs))
3529 printk(KERN_ERR "SLUB: %s %ld slabs counted but "
3530 "counter=%ld\n", s->name, count,
3531 atomic_long_read(&n->nr_slabs));
3534 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&n->list_lock, flags);
3538 static long validate_slab_cache(struct kmem_cache *s)
3541 unsigned long count = 0;
3542 unsigned long *map = kmalloc(BITS_TO_LONGS(oo_objects(s->max)) *
3543 sizeof(unsigned long), GFP_KERNEL);
3549 for_each_node_state(node, N_NORMAL_MEMORY) {
3550 struct kmem_cache_node *n = get_node(s, node);
3552 count += validate_slab_node(s, n, map);
3558 #ifdef SLUB_RESILIENCY_TEST
3559 static void resiliency_test(void)
3563 printk(KERN_ERR "SLUB resiliency testing\n");
3564 printk(KERN_ERR "-----------------------\n");
3565 printk(KERN_ERR "A. Corruption after allocation\n");
3567 p = kzalloc(16, GFP_KERNEL);
3569 printk(KERN_ERR "\n1. kmalloc-16: Clobber Redzone/next pointer"
3570 " 0x12->0x%p\n\n", p + 16);
3572 validate_slab_cache(kmalloc_caches + 4);
3574 /* Hmmm... The next two are dangerous */
3575 p = kzalloc(32, GFP_KERNEL);
3576 p[32 + sizeof(void *)] = 0x34;
3577 printk(KERN_ERR "\n2. kmalloc-32: Clobber next pointer/next slab"
3578 " 0x34 -> -0x%p\n", p);
3580 "If allocated object is overwritten then not detectable\n\n");
3582 validate_slab_cache(kmalloc_caches + 5);
3583 p = kzalloc(64, GFP_KERNEL);
3584 p += 64 + (get_cycles() & 0xff) * sizeof(void *);
3586 printk(KERN_ERR "\n3. kmalloc-64: corrupting random byte 0x56->0x%p\n",
3589 "If allocated object is overwritten then not detectable\n\n");
3590 validate_slab_cache(kmalloc_caches + 6);
3592 printk(KERN_ERR "\nB. Corruption after free\n");
3593 p = kzalloc(128, GFP_KERNEL);
3596 printk(KERN_ERR "1. kmalloc-128: Clobber first word 0x78->0x%p\n\n", p);
3597 validate_slab_cache(kmalloc_caches + 7);
3599 p = kzalloc(256, GFP_KERNEL);
3602 printk(KERN_ERR "\n2. kmalloc-256: Clobber 50th byte 0x9a->0x%p\n\n",
3604 validate_slab_cache(kmalloc_caches + 8);
3606 p = kzalloc(512, GFP_KERNEL);
3609 printk(KERN_ERR "\n3. kmalloc-512: Clobber redzone 0xab->0x%p\n\n", p);
3610 validate_slab_cache(kmalloc_caches + 9);
3613 static void resiliency_test(void) {};
3617 * Generate lists of code addresses where slabcache objects are allocated
3622 unsigned long count;
3629 DECLARE_BITMAP(cpus, NR_CPUS);
3635 unsigned long count;
3636 struct location *loc;
3639 static void free_loc_track(struct loc_track *t)
3642 free_pages((unsigned long)t->loc,
3643 get_order(sizeof(struct location) * t->max));
3646 static int alloc_loc_track(struct loc_track *t, unsigned long max, gfp_t flags)
3651 order = get_order(sizeof(struct location) * max);
3653 l = (void *)__get_free_pages(flags, order);
3658 memcpy(l, t->loc, sizeof(struct location) * t->count);
3666 static int add_location(struct loc_track *t, struct kmem_cache *s,
3667 const struct track *track)
3669 long start, end, pos;
3671 unsigned long caddr;
3672 unsigned long age = jiffies - track->when;
3678 pos = start + (end - start + 1) / 2;
3681 * There is nothing at "end". If we end up there
3682 * we need to add something to before end.
3687 caddr = t->loc[pos].addr;
3688 if (track->addr == caddr) {
3694 if (age < l->min_time)
3696 if (age > l->max_time)
3699 if (track->pid < l->min_pid)
3700 l->min_pid = track->pid;
3701 if (track->pid > l->max_pid)
3702 l->max_pid = track->pid;
3704 cpumask_set_cpu(track->cpu,
3705 to_cpumask(l->cpus));
3707 node_set(page_to_nid(virt_to_page(track)), l->nodes);
3711 if (track->addr < caddr)
3718 * Not found. Insert new tracking element.
3720 if (t->count >= t->max && !alloc_loc_track(t, 2 * t->max, GFP_ATOMIC))
3726 (t->count - pos) * sizeof(struct location));
3729 l->addr = track->addr;
3733 l->min_pid = track->pid;
3734 l->max_pid = track->pid;
3735 cpumask_clear(to_cpumask(l->cpus));
3736 cpumask_set_cpu(track->cpu, to_cpumask(l->cpus));
3737 nodes_clear(l->nodes);
3738 node_set(page_to_nid(virt_to_page(track)), l->nodes);
3742 static void process_slab(struct loc_track *t, struct kmem_cache *s,
3743 struct page *page, enum track_item alloc)
3745 void *addr = page_address(page);
3746 DECLARE_BITMAP(map, page->objects);
3749 bitmap_zero(map, page->objects);
3750 for_each_free_object(p, s, page->freelist)
3751 set_bit(slab_index(p, s, addr), map);
3753 for_each_object(p, s, addr, page->objects)
3754 if (!test_bit(slab_index(p, s, addr), map))
3755 add_location(t, s, get_track(s, p, alloc));
3758 static int list_locations(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf,
3759 enum track_item alloc)
3763 struct loc_track t = { 0, 0, NULL };
3766 if (!alloc_loc_track(&t, PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(struct location),
3768 return sprintf(buf, "Out of memory\n");
3770 /* Push back cpu slabs */
3773 for_each_node_state(node, N_NORMAL_MEMORY) {
3774 struct kmem_cache_node *n = get_node(s, node);
3775 unsigned long flags;
3778 if (!atomic_long_read(&n->nr_slabs))
3781 spin_lock_irqsave(&n->list_lock, flags);
3782 list_for_each_entry(page, &n->partial, lru)
3783 process_slab(&t, s, page, alloc);
3784 list_for_each_entry(page, &n->full, lru)
3785 process_slab(&t, s, page, alloc);
3786 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&n->list_lock, flags);
3789 for (i = 0; i < t.count; i++) {
3790 struct location *l = &t.loc[i];
3792 if (len > PAGE_SIZE - KSYM_SYMBOL_LEN - 100)
3794 len += sprintf(buf + len, "%7ld ", l->count);
3797 len += sprint_symbol(buf + len, (unsigned long)l->addr);
3799 len += sprintf(buf + len, "<not-available>");
3801 if (l->sum_time != l->min_time) {
3802 len += sprintf(buf + len, " age=%ld/%ld/%ld",
3804 (long)div_u64(l->sum_time, l->count),
3807 len += sprintf(buf + len, " age=%ld",
3810 if (l->min_pid != l->max_pid)
3811 len += sprintf(buf + len, " pid=%ld-%ld",
3812 l->min_pid, l->max_pid);
3814 len += sprintf(buf + len, " pid=%ld",
3817 if (num_online_cpus() > 1 &&
3818 !cpumask_empty(to_cpumask(l->cpus)) &&
3819 len < PAGE_SIZE - 60) {
3820 len += sprintf(buf + len, " cpus=");
3821 len += cpulist_scnprintf(buf + len, PAGE_SIZE - len - 50,
3822 to_cpumask(l->cpus));
3825 if (nr_online_nodes > 1 && !nodes_empty(l->nodes) &&
3826 len < PAGE_SIZE - 60) {
3827 len += sprintf(buf + len, " nodes=");
3828 len += nodelist_scnprintf(buf + len, PAGE_SIZE - len - 50,
3832 len += sprintf(buf + len, "\n");
3837 len += sprintf(buf, "No data\n");
3841 enum slab_stat_type {
3842 SL_ALL, /* All slabs */
3843 SL_PARTIAL, /* Only partially allocated slabs */
3844 SL_CPU, /* Only slabs used for cpu caches */
3845 SL_OBJECTS, /* Determine allocated objects not slabs */
3846 SL_TOTAL /* Determine object capacity not slabs */
3849 #define SO_ALL (1 << SL_ALL)
3850 #define SO_PARTIAL (1 << SL_PARTIAL)
3851 #define SO_CPU (1 << SL_CPU)
3852 #define SO_OBJECTS (1 << SL_OBJECTS)
3853 #define SO_TOTAL (1 << SL_TOTAL)
3855 static ssize_t show_slab_objects(struct kmem_cache *s,
3856 char *buf, unsigned long flags)
3858 unsigned long total = 0;
3861 unsigned long *nodes;
3862 unsigned long *per_cpu;
3864 nodes = kzalloc(2 * sizeof(unsigned long) * nr_node_ids, GFP_KERNEL);
3867 per_cpu = nodes + nr_node_ids;
3869 if (flags & SO_CPU) {
3872 for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
3873 struct kmem_cache_cpu *c = get_cpu_slab(s, cpu);
3875 if (!c || c->node < 0)
3879 if (flags & SO_TOTAL)
3880 x = c->page->objects;
3881 else if (flags & SO_OBJECTS)
3887 nodes[c->node] += x;
3893 if (flags & SO_ALL) {
3894 for_each_node_state(node, N_NORMAL_MEMORY) {
3895 struct kmem_cache_node *n = get_node(s, node);
3897 if (flags & SO_TOTAL)
3898 x = atomic_long_read(&n->total_objects);
3899 else if (flags & SO_OBJECTS)
3900 x = atomic_long_read(&n->total_objects) -
3901 count_partial(n, count_free);
3904 x = atomic_long_read(&n->nr_slabs);
3909 } else if (flags & SO_PARTIAL) {
3910 for_each_node_state(node, N_NORMAL_MEMORY) {
3911 struct kmem_cache_node *n = get_node(s, node);
3913 if (flags & SO_TOTAL)
3914 x = count_partial(n, count_total);
3915 else if (flags & SO_OBJECTS)
3916 x = count_partial(n, count_inuse);
3923 x = sprintf(buf, "%lu", total);
3925 for_each_node_state(node, N_NORMAL_MEMORY)
3927 x += sprintf(buf + x, " N%d=%lu",
3931 return x + sprintf(buf + x, "\n");
3934 static int any_slab_objects(struct kmem_cache *s)
3938 for_each_online_node(node) {
3939 struct kmem_cache_node *n = get_node(s, node);
3944 if (atomic_long_read(&n->total_objects))
3950 #define to_slab_attr(n) container_of(n, struct slab_attribute, attr)
3951 #define to_slab(n) container_of(n, struct kmem_cache, kobj);
3953 struct slab_attribute {
3954 struct attribute attr;
3955 ssize_t (*show)(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf);
3956 ssize_t (*store)(struct kmem_cache *s, const char *x, size_t count);
3959 #define SLAB_ATTR_RO(_name) \
3960 static struct slab_attribute _name##_attr = __ATTR_RO(_name)
3962 #define SLAB_ATTR(_name) \
3963 static struct slab_attribute _name##_attr = \
3964 __ATTR(_name, 0644, _name##_show, _name##_store)
3966 static ssize_t slab_size_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
3968 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", s->size);
3970 SLAB_ATTR_RO(slab_size);
3972 static ssize_t align_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
3974 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", s->align);
3976 SLAB_ATTR_RO(align);
3978 static ssize_t object_size_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
3980 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", s->objsize);
3982 SLAB_ATTR_RO(object_size);
3984 static ssize_t objs_per_slab_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
3986 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", oo_objects(s->oo));
3988 SLAB_ATTR_RO(objs_per_slab);
3990 static ssize_t order_store(struct kmem_cache *s,
3991 const char *buf, size_t length)
3993 unsigned long order;
3996 err = strict_strtoul(buf, 10, &order);
4000 if (order > slub_max_order || order < slub_min_order)
4003 calculate_sizes(s, order);
4007 static ssize_t order_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4009 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", oo_order(s->oo));
4013 static ssize_t min_partial_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4015 return sprintf(buf, "%lu\n", s->min_partial);
4018 static ssize_t min_partial_store(struct kmem_cache *s, const char *buf,
4024 err = strict_strtoul(buf, 10, &min);
4028 set_min_partial(s, min);
4031 SLAB_ATTR(min_partial);
4033 static ssize_t ctor_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4036 int n = sprint_symbol(buf, (unsigned long)s->ctor);
4038 return n + sprintf(buf + n, "\n");
4044 static ssize_t aliases_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4046 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", s->refcount - 1);
4048 SLAB_ATTR_RO(aliases);
4050 static ssize_t slabs_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4052 return show_slab_objects(s, buf, SO_ALL);
4054 SLAB_ATTR_RO(slabs);
4056 static ssize_t partial_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4058 return show_slab_objects(s, buf, SO_PARTIAL);
4060 SLAB_ATTR_RO(partial);
4062 static ssize_t cpu_slabs_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4064 return show_slab_objects(s, buf, SO_CPU);
4066 SLAB_ATTR_RO(cpu_slabs);
4068 static ssize_t objects_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4070 return show_slab_objects(s, buf, SO_ALL|SO_OBJECTS);
4072 SLAB_ATTR_RO(objects);
4074 static ssize_t objects_partial_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4076 return show_slab_objects(s, buf, SO_PARTIAL|SO_OBJECTS);
4078 SLAB_ATTR_RO(objects_partial);
4080 static ssize_t total_objects_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4082 return show_slab_objects(s, buf, SO_ALL|SO_TOTAL);
4084 SLAB_ATTR_RO(total_objects);
4086 static ssize_t sanity_checks_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4088 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", !!(s->flags & SLAB_DEBUG_FREE));
4091 static ssize_t sanity_checks_store(struct kmem_cache *s,
4092 const char *buf, size_t length)
4094 s->flags &= ~SLAB_DEBUG_FREE;
4096 s->flags |= SLAB_DEBUG_FREE;
4099 SLAB_ATTR(sanity_checks);
4101 static ssize_t trace_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4103 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", !!(s->flags & SLAB_TRACE));
4106 static ssize_t trace_store(struct kmem_cache *s, const char *buf,
4109 s->flags &= ~SLAB_TRACE;
4111 s->flags |= SLAB_TRACE;
4116 static ssize_t reclaim_account_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4118 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", !!(s->flags & SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT));
4121 static ssize_t reclaim_account_store(struct kmem_cache *s,
4122 const char *buf, size_t length)
4124 s->flags &= ~SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT;
4126 s->flags |= SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT;
4129 SLAB_ATTR(reclaim_account);
4131 static ssize_t hwcache_align_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4133 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", !!(s->flags & SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN));
4135 SLAB_ATTR_RO(hwcache_align);
4137 #ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA
4138 static ssize_t cache_dma_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4140 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", !!(s->flags & SLAB_CACHE_DMA));
4142 SLAB_ATTR_RO(cache_dma);
4145 static ssize_t destroy_by_rcu_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4147 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", !!(s->flags & SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU));
4149 SLAB_ATTR_RO(destroy_by_rcu);
4151 static ssize_t red_zone_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4153 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", !!(s->flags & SLAB_RED_ZONE));
4156 static ssize_t red_zone_store(struct kmem_cache *s,
4157 const char *buf, size_t length)
4159 if (any_slab_objects(s))
4162 s->flags &= ~SLAB_RED_ZONE;
4164 s->flags |= SLAB_RED_ZONE;
4165 calculate_sizes(s, -1);
4168 SLAB_ATTR(red_zone);
4170 static ssize_t poison_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4172 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", !!(s->flags & SLAB_POISON));
4175 static ssize_t poison_store(struct kmem_cache *s,
4176 const char *buf, size_t length)
4178 if (any_slab_objects(s))
4181 s->flags &= ~SLAB_POISON;
4183 s->flags |= SLAB_POISON;
4184 calculate_sizes(s, -1);
4189 static ssize_t store_user_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4191 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", !!(s->flags & SLAB_STORE_USER));
4194 static ssize_t store_user_store(struct kmem_cache *s,
4195 const char *buf, size_t length)
4197 if (any_slab_objects(s))
4200 s->flags &= ~SLAB_STORE_USER;
4202 s->flags |= SLAB_STORE_USER;
4203 calculate_sizes(s, -1);
4206 SLAB_ATTR(store_user);
4208 static ssize_t validate_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4213 static ssize_t validate_store(struct kmem_cache *s,
4214 const char *buf, size_t length)
4218 if (buf[0] == '1') {
4219 ret = validate_slab_cache(s);
4225 SLAB_ATTR(validate);
4227 static ssize_t shrink_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4232 static ssize_t shrink_store(struct kmem_cache *s,
4233 const char *buf, size_t length)
4235 if (buf[0] == '1') {
4236 int rc = kmem_cache_shrink(s);
4246 static ssize_t alloc_calls_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4248 if (!(s->flags & SLAB_STORE_USER))
4250 return list_locations(s, buf, TRACK_ALLOC);
4252 SLAB_ATTR_RO(alloc_calls);
4254 static ssize_t free_calls_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4256 if (!(s->flags & SLAB_STORE_USER))
4258 return list_locations(s, buf, TRACK_FREE);
4260 SLAB_ATTR_RO(free_calls);
4263 static ssize_t remote_node_defrag_ratio_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf)
4265 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", s->remote_node_defrag_ratio / 10);
4268 static ssize_t remote_node_defrag_ratio_store(struct kmem_cache *s,
4269 const char *buf, size_t length)
4271 unsigned long ratio;
4274 err = strict_strtoul(buf, 10, &ratio);
4279 s->remote_node_defrag_ratio = ratio * 10;
4283 SLAB_ATTR(remote_node_defrag_ratio);
4286 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_STATS
4287 static int show_stat(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf, enum stat_item si)
4289 unsigned long sum = 0;
4292 int *data = kmalloc(nr_cpu_ids * sizeof(int), GFP_KERNEL);
4297 for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
4298 unsigned x = get_cpu_slab(s, cpu)->stat[si];
4304 len = sprintf(buf, "%lu", sum);
4307 for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
4308 if (data[cpu] && len < PAGE_SIZE - 20)
4309 len += sprintf(buf + len, " C%d=%u", cpu, data[cpu]);
4313 return len + sprintf(buf + len, "\n");
4316 #define STAT_ATTR(si, text) \
4317 static ssize_t text##_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf) \
4319 return show_stat(s, buf, si); \
4321 SLAB_ATTR_RO(text); \
4323 STAT_ATTR(ALLOC_FASTPATH, alloc_fastpath);
4324 STAT_ATTR(ALLOC_SLOWPATH, alloc_slowpath);
4325 STAT_ATTR(FREE_FASTPATH, free_fastpath);
4326 STAT_ATTR(FREE_SLOWPATH, free_slowpath);
4327 STAT_ATTR(FREE_FROZEN, free_frozen);
4328 STAT_ATTR(FREE_ADD_PARTIAL, free_add_partial);
4329 STAT_ATTR(FREE_REMOVE_PARTIAL, free_remove_partial);
4330 STAT_ATTR(ALLOC_FROM_PARTIAL, alloc_from_partial);
4331 STAT_ATTR(ALLOC_SLAB, alloc_slab);
4332 STAT_ATTR(ALLOC_REFILL, alloc_refill);
4333 STAT_ATTR(FREE_SLAB, free_slab);
4334 STAT_ATTR(CPUSLAB_FLUSH, cpuslab_flush);
4335 STAT_ATTR(DEACTIVATE_FULL, deactivate_full);
4336 STAT_ATTR(DEACTIVATE_EMPTY, deactivate_empty);
4337 STAT_ATTR(DEACTIVATE_TO_HEAD, deactivate_to_head);
4338 STAT_ATTR(DEACTIVATE_TO_TAIL, deactivate_to_tail);
4339 STAT_ATTR(DEACTIVATE_REMOTE_FREES, deactivate_remote_frees);
4340 STAT_ATTR(ORDER_FALLBACK, order_fallback);
4343 static struct attribute *slab_attrs[] = {
4344 &slab_size_attr.attr,
4345 &object_size_attr.attr,
4346 &objs_per_slab_attr.attr,
4348 &min_partial_attr.attr,
4350 &objects_partial_attr.attr,
4351 &total_objects_attr.attr,
4354 &cpu_slabs_attr.attr,
4358 &sanity_checks_attr.attr,
4360 &hwcache_align_attr.attr,
4361 &reclaim_account_attr.attr,
4362 &destroy_by_rcu_attr.attr,
4363 &red_zone_attr.attr,
4365 &store_user_attr.attr,
4366 &validate_attr.attr,
4368 &alloc_calls_attr.attr,
4369 &free_calls_attr.attr,
4370 #ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA
4371 &cache_dma_attr.attr,
4374 &remote_node_defrag_ratio_attr.attr,
4376 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_STATS
4377 &alloc_fastpath_attr.attr,
4378 &alloc_slowpath_attr.attr,
4379 &free_fastpath_attr.attr,
4380 &free_slowpath_attr.attr,
4381 &free_frozen_attr.attr,
4382 &free_add_partial_attr.attr,
4383 &free_remove_partial_attr.attr,
4384 &alloc_from_partial_attr.attr,
4385 &alloc_slab_attr.attr,
4386 &alloc_refill_attr.attr,
4387 &free_slab_attr.attr,
4388 &cpuslab_flush_attr.attr,
4389 &deactivate_full_attr.attr,
4390 &deactivate_empty_attr.attr,
4391 &deactivate_to_head_attr.attr,
4392 &deactivate_to_tail_attr.attr,
4393 &deactivate_remote_frees_attr.attr,
4394 &order_fallback_attr.attr,
4399 static struct attribute_group slab_attr_group = {
4400 .attrs = slab_attrs,
4403 static ssize_t slab_attr_show(struct kobject *kobj,
4404 struct attribute *attr,
4407 struct slab_attribute *attribute;
4408 struct kmem_cache *s;
4411 attribute = to_slab_attr(attr);
4414 if (!attribute->show)
4417 err = attribute->show(s, buf);
4422 static ssize_t slab_attr_store(struct kobject *kobj,
4423 struct attribute *attr,
4424 const char *buf, size_t len)
4426 struct slab_attribute *attribute;
4427 struct kmem_cache *s;
4430 attribute = to_slab_attr(attr);
4433 if (!attribute->store)
4436 err = attribute->store(s, buf, len);
4441 static void kmem_cache_release(struct kobject *kobj)
4443 struct kmem_cache *s = to_slab(kobj);
4448 static struct sysfs_ops slab_sysfs_ops = {
4449 .show = slab_attr_show,
4450 .store = slab_attr_store,
4453 static struct kobj_type slab_ktype = {
4454 .sysfs_ops = &slab_sysfs_ops,
4455 .release = kmem_cache_release
4458 static int uevent_filter(struct kset *kset, struct kobject *kobj)
4460 struct kobj_type *ktype = get_ktype(kobj);
4462 if (ktype == &slab_ktype)
4467 static struct kset_uevent_ops slab_uevent_ops = {
4468 .filter = uevent_filter,
4471 static struct kset *slab_kset;
4473 #define ID_STR_LENGTH 64
4475 /* Create a unique string id for a slab cache:
4477 * Format :[flags-]size
4479 static char *create_unique_id(struct kmem_cache *s)
4481 char *name = kmalloc(ID_STR_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
4488 * First flags affecting slabcache operations. We will only
4489 * get here for aliasable slabs so we do not need to support
4490 * too many flags. The flags here must cover all flags that
4491 * are matched during merging to guarantee that the id is
4494 if (s->flags & SLAB_CACHE_DMA)
4496 if (s->flags & SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT)
4498 if (s->flags & SLAB_DEBUG_FREE)
4500 if (!(s->flags & SLAB_NOTRACK))
4504 p += sprintf(p, "%07d", s->size);
4505 BUG_ON(p > name + ID_STR_LENGTH - 1);
4509 static int sysfs_slab_add(struct kmem_cache *s)
4515 if (slab_state < SYSFS)
4516 /* Defer until later */
4519 unmergeable = slab_unmergeable(s);
4522 * Slabcache can never be merged so we can use the name proper.
4523 * This is typically the case for debug situations. In that
4524 * case we can catch duplicate names easily.
4526 sysfs_remove_link(&slab_kset->kobj, s->name);
4530 * Create a unique name for the slab as a target
4533 name = create_unique_id(s);
4536 s->kobj.kset = slab_kset;
4537 err = kobject_init_and_add(&s->kobj, &slab_ktype, NULL, name);
4539 kobject_put(&s->kobj);
4543 err = sysfs_create_group(&s->kobj, &slab_attr_group);
4546 kobject_uevent(&s->kobj, KOBJ_ADD);
4548 /* Setup first alias */
4549 sysfs_slab_alias(s, s->name);
4555 static void sysfs_slab_remove(struct kmem_cache *s)
4557 kobject_uevent(&s->kobj, KOBJ_REMOVE);
4558 kobject_del(&s->kobj);
4559 kobject_put(&s->kobj);
4563 * Need to buffer aliases during bootup until sysfs becomes
4564 * available lest we lose that information.
4566 struct saved_alias {
4567 struct kmem_cache *s;
4569 struct saved_alias *next;
4572 static struct saved_alias *alias_list;
4574 static int sysfs_slab_alias(struct kmem_cache *s, const char *name)
4576 struct saved_alias *al;
4578 if (slab_state == SYSFS) {
4580 * If we have a leftover link then remove it.
4582 sysfs_remove_link(&slab_kset->kobj, name);
4583 return sysfs_create_link(&slab_kset->kobj, &s->kobj, name);
4586 al = kmalloc(sizeof(struct saved_alias), GFP_KERNEL);
4592 al->next = alias_list;
4597 static int __init slab_sysfs_init(void)
4599 struct kmem_cache *s;
4602 slab_kset = kset_create_and_add("slab", &slab_uevent_ops, kernel_kobj);
4604 printk(KERN_ERR "Cannot register slab subsystem.\n");
4610 list_for_each_entry(s, &slab_caches, list) {
4611 err = sysfs_slab_add(s);
4613 printk(KERN_ERR "SLUB: Unable to add boot slab %s"
4614 " to sysfs\n", s->name);
4617 while (alias_list) {
4618 struct saved_alias *al = alias_list;
4620 alias_list = alias_list->next;
4621 err = sysfs_slab_alias(al->s, al->name);
4623 printk(KERN_ERR "SLUB: Unable to add boot slab alias"
4624 " %s to sysfs\n", s->name);
4632 __initcall(slab_sysfs_init);
4636 * The /proc/slabinfo ABI
4638 #ifdef CONFIG_SLABINFO
4639 static void print_slabinfo_header(struct seq_file *m)
4641 seq_puts(m, "slabinfo - version: 2.1\n");
4642 seq_puts(m, "# name <active_objs> <num_objs> <objsize> "
4643 "<objperslab> <pagesperslab>");
4644 seq_puts(m, " : tunables <limit> <batchcount> <sharedfactor>");
4645 seq_puts(m, " : slabdata <active_slabs> <num_slabs> <sharedavail>");
4649 static void *s_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *pos)
4653 down_read(&slub_lock);
4655 print_slabinfo_header(m);
4657 return seq_list_start(&slab_caches, *pos);
4660 static void *s_next(struct seq_file *m, void *p, loff_t *pos)
4662 return seq_list_next(p, &slab_caches, pos);
4665 static void s_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *p)
4667 up_read(&slub_lock);
4670 static int s_show(struct seq_file *m, void *p)
4672 unsigned long nr_partials = 0;
4673 unsigned long nr_slabs = 0;
4674 unsigned long nr_inuse = 0;
4675 unsigned long nr_objs = 0;
4676 unsigned long nr_free = 0;
4677 struct kmem_cache *s;
4680 s = list_entry(p, struct kmem_cache, list);
4682 for_each_online_node(node) {
4683 struct kmem_cache_node *n = get_node(s, node);
4688 nr_partials += n->nr_partial;
4689 nr_slabs += atomic_long_read(&n->nr_slabs);
4690 nr_objs += atomic_long_read(&n->total_objects);
4691 nr_free += count_partial(n, count_free);
4694 nr_inuse = nr_objs - nr_free;
4696 seq_printf(m, "%-17s %6lu %6lu %6u %4u %4d", s->name, nr_inuse,
4697 nr_objs, s->size, oo_objects(s->oo),
4698 (1 << oo_order(s->oo)));
4699 seq_printf(m, " : tunables %4u %4u %4u", 0, 0, 0);
4700 seq_printf(m, " : slabdata %6lu %6lu %6lu", nr_slabs, nr_slabs,
4706 static const struct seq_operations slabinfo_op = {
4713 static int slabinfo_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
4715 return seq_open(file, &slabinfo_op);
4718 static const struct file_operations proc_slabinfo_operations = {
4719 .open = slabinfo_open,
4721 .llseek = seq_lseek,
4722 .release = seq_release,
4725 static int __init slab_proc_init(void)
4727 proc_create("slabinfo",S_IWUSR|S_IRUGO,NULL,&proc_slabinfo_operations);
4730 module_init(slab_proc_init);
4731 #endif /* CONFIG_SLABINFO */