4 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Linus Torvalds
6 * Swap reorganised 29.12.95, Stephen Tweedie.
7 * kswapd added: 7.1.96 sct
8 * Removed kswapd_ctl limits, and swap out as many pages as needed
9 * to bring the system back to freepages.high: 2.4.97, Rik van Riel.
10 * Zone aware kswapd started 02/00, Kanoj Sarcar (kanoj@sgi.com).
11 * Multiqueue VM started 5.8.00, Rik van Riel.
15 #include <linux/module.h>
16 #include <linux/gfp.h>
17 #include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
18 #include <linux/swap.h>
19 #include <linux/pagemap.h>
20 #include <linux/init.h>
21 #include <linux/highmem.h>
22 #include <linux/vmstat.h>
23 #include <linux/file.h>
24 #include <linux/writeback.h>
25 #include <linux/blkdev.h>
26 #include <linux/buffer_head.h> /* for try_to_release_page(),
27 buffer_heads_over_limit */
28 #include <linux/mm_inline.h>
29 #include <linux/pagevec.h>
30 #include <linux/backing-dev.h>
31 #include <linux/rmap.h>
32 #include <linux/topology.h>
33 #include <linux/cpu.h>
34 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
35 #include <linux/compaction.h>
36 #include <linux/notifier.h>
37 #include <linux/rwsem.h>
38 #include <linux/delay.h>
39 #include <linux/kthread.h>
40 #include <linux/freezer.h>
41 #include <linux/memcontrol.h>
42 #include <linux/delayacct.h>
43 #include <linux/sysctl.h>
44 #include <linux/oom.h>
45 #include <linux/prefetch.h>
47 #include <asm/tlbflush.h>
48 #include <asm/div64.h>
50 #include <linux/swapops.h>
54 #define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
55 #include <trace/events/vmscan.h>
58 * reclaim_mode determines how the inactive list is shrunk
59 * RECLAIM_MODE_SINGLE: Reclaim only order-0 pages
60 * RECLAIM_MODE_ASYNC: Do not block
61 * RECLAIM_MODE_SYNC: Allow blocking e.g. call wait_on_page_writeback
62 * RECLAIM_MODE_LUMPYRECLAIM: For high-order allocations, take a reference
63 * page from the LRU and reclaim all pages within a
64 * naturally aligned range
65 * RECLAIM_MODE_COMPACTION: For high-order allocations, reclaim a number of
66 * order-0 pages and then compact the zone
68 typedef unsigned __bitwise__ reclaim_mode_t;
69 #define RECLAIM_MODE_SINGLE ((__force reclaim_mode_t)0x01u)
70 #define RECLAIM_MODE_ASYNC ((__force reclaim_mode_t)0x02u)
71 #define RECLAIM_MODE_SYNC ((__force reclaim_mode_t)0x04u)
72 #define RECLAIM_MODE_LUMPYRECLAIM ((__force reclaim_mode_t)0x08u)
73 #define RECLAIM_MODE_COMPACTION ((__force reclaim_mode_t)0x10u)
76 /* Incremented by the number of inactive pages that were scanned */
77 unsigned long nr_scanned;
79 /* Number of pages freed so far during a call to shrink_zones() */
80 unsigned long nr_reclaimed;
82 /* How many pages shrink_list() should reclaim */
83 unsigned long nr_to_reclaim;
85 unsigned long hibernation_mode;
87 /* This context's GFP mask */
92 /* Can mapped pages be reclaimed? */
95 /* Can pages be swapped as part of reclaim? */
101 * Intend to reclaim enough continuous memory rather than reclaim
102 * enough amount of memory. i.e, mode for high order allocation.
104 reclaim_mode_t reclaim_mode;
106 /* Which cgroup do we reclaim from */
107 struct mem_cgroup *mem_cgroup;
110 * Nodemask of nodes allowed by the caller. If NULL, all nodes
113 nodemask_t *nodemask;
116 #define lru_to_page(_head) (list_entry((_head)->prev, struct page, lru))
118 #ifdef ARCH_HAS_PREFETCH
119 #define prefetch_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) \
121 if ((_page)->lru.prev != _base) { \
124 prev = lru_to_page(&(_page->lru)); \
125 prefetch(&prev->_field); \
129 #define prefetch_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) do { } while (0)
132 #ifdef ARCH_HAS_PREFETCHW
133 #define prefetchw_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) \
135 if ((_page)->lru.prev != _base) { \
138 prev = lru_to_page(&(_page->lru)); \
139 prefetchw(&prev->_field); \
143 #define prefetchw_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) do { } while (0)
147 * From 0 .. 100. Higher means more swappy.
149 int vm_swappiness = 60;
150 long vm_total_pages; /* The total number of pages which the VM controls */
152 static LIST_HEAD(shrinker_list);
153 static DECLARE_RWSEM(shrinker_rwsem);
155 #ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR
156 #define scanning_global_lru(sc) (!(sc)->mem_cgroup)
158 #define scanning_global_lru(sc) (1)
161 static struct zone_reclaim_stat *get_reclaim_stat(struct zone *zone,
162 struct scan_control *sc)
164 if (!scanning_global_lru(sc))
165 return mem_cgroup_get_reclaim_stat(sc->mem_cgroup, zone);
167 return &zone->reclaim_stat;
170 static unsigned long zone_nr_lru_pages(struct zone *zone,
171 struct scan_control *sc, enum lru_list lru)
173 if (!scanning_global_lru(sc))
174 return mem_cgroup_zone_nr_lru_pages(sc->mem_cgroup,
175 zone_to_nid(zone), zone_idx(zone), BIT(lru));
177 return zone_page_state(zone, NR_LRU_BASE + lru);
182 * Add a shrinker callback to be called from the vm
184 void register_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker)
186 atomic_long_set(&shrinker->nr_in_batch, 0);
187 down_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
188 list_add_tail(&shrinker->list, &shrinker_list);
189 up_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
191 EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_shrinker);
196 void unregister_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker)
198 down_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
199 list_del(&shrinker->list);
200 up_write(&shrinker_rwsem);
202 EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_shrinker);
204 static inline int do_shrinker_shrink(struct shrinker *shrinker,
205 struct shrink_control *sc,
206 unsigned long nr_to_scan)
208 sc->nr_to_scan = nr_to_scan;
209 return (*shrinker->shrink)(shrinker, sc);
212 #define SHRINK_BATCH 128
214 * Call the shrink functions to age shrinkable caches
216 * Here we assume it costs one seek to replace a lru page and that it also
217 * takes a seek to recreate a cache object. With this in mind we age equal
218 * percentages of the lru and ageable caches. This should balance the seeks
219 * generated by these structures.
221 * If the vm encountered mapped pages on the LRU it increase the pressure on
222 * slab to avoid swapping.
224 * We do weird things to avoid (scanned*seeks*entries) overflowing 32 bits.
226 * `lru_pages' represents the number of on-LRU pages in all the zones which
227 * are eligible for the caller's allocation attempt. It is used for balancing
228 * slab reclaim versus page reclaim.
230 * Returns the number of slab objects which we shrunk.
232 unsigned long shrink_slab(struct shrink_control *shrink,
233 unsigned long nr_pages_scanned,
234 unsigned long lru_pages)
236 struct shrinker *shrinker;
237 unsigned long ret = 0;
239 if (nr_pages_scanned == 0)
240 nr_pages_scanned = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX;
242 if (!down_read_trylock(&shrinker_rwsem)) {
243 /* Assume we'll be able to shrink next time */
248 list_for_each_entry(shrinker, &shrinker_list, list) {
249 unsigned long long delta;
255 long batch_size = shrinker->batch ? shrinker->batch
258 max_pass = do_shrinker_shrink(shrinker, shrink, 0);
263 * copy the current shrinker scan count into a local variable
264 * and zero it so that other concurrent shrinker invocations
265 * don't also do this scanning work.
267 nr = atomic_long_xchg(&shrinker->nr_in_batch, 0);
270 delta = (4 * nr_pages_scanned) / shrinker->seeks;
272 do_div(delta, lru_pages + 1);
274 if (total_scan < 0) {
275 printk(KERN_ERR "shrink_slab: %pF negative objects to "
277 shrinker->shrink, total_scan);
278 total_scan = max_pass;
282 * We need to avoid excessive windup on filesystem shrinkers
283 * due to large numbers of GFP_NOFS allocations causing the
284 * shrinkers to return -1 all the time. This results in a large
285 * nr being built up so when a shrink that can do some work
286 * comes along it empties the entire cache due to nr >>>
287 * max_pass. This is bad for sustaining a working set in
290 * Hence only allow the shrinker to scan the entire cache when
291 * a large delta change is calculated directly.
293 if (delta < max_pass / 4)
294 total_scan = min(total_scan, max_pass / 2);
297 * Avoid risking looping forever due to too large nr value:
298 * never try to free more than twice the estimate number of
301 if (total_scan > max_pass * 2)
302 total_scan = max_pass * 2;
304 trace_mm_shrink_slab_start(shrinker, shrink, nr,
305 nr_pages_scanned, lru_pages,
306 max_pass, delta, total_scan);
308 while (total_scan >= batch_size) {
311 nr_before = do_shrinker_shrink(shrinker, shrink, 0);
312 shrink_ret = do_shrinker_shrink(shrinker, shrink,
314 if (shrink_ret == -1)
316 if (shrink_ret < nr_before)
317 ret += nr_before - shrink_ret;
318 count_vm_events(SLABS_SCANNED, batch_size);
319 total_scan -= batch_size;
325 * move the unused scan count back into the shrinker in a
326 * manner that handles concurrent updates. If we exhausted the
327 * scan, there is no need to do an update.
330 new_nr = atomic_long_add_return(total_scan,
331 &shrinker->nr_in_batch);
333 new_nr = atomic_long_read(&shrinker->nr_in_batch);
335 trace_mm_shrink_slab_end(shrinker, shrink_ret, nr, new_nr);
337 up_read(&shrinker_rwsem);
343 static void set_reclaim_mode(int priority, struct scan_control *sc,
346 reclaim_mode_t syncmode = sync ? RECLAIM_MODE_SYNC : RECLAIM_MODE_ASYNC;
349 * Initially assume we are entering either lumpy reclaim or
350 * reclaim/compaction.Depending on the order, we will either set the
351 * sync mode or just reclaim order-0 pages later.
353 if (COMPACTION_BUILD)
354 sc->reclaim_mode = RECLAIM_MODE_COMPACTION;
356 sc->reclaim_mode = RECLAIM_MODE_LUMPYRECLAIM;
359 * Avoid using lumpy reclaim or reclaim/compaction if possible by
360 * restricting when its set to either costly allocations or when
361 * under memory pressure
363 if (sc->order > PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER)
364 sc->reclaim_mode |= syncmode;
365 else if (sc->order && priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2)
366 sc->reclaim_mode |= syncmode;
368 sc->reclaim_mode = RECLAIM_MODE_SINGLE | RECLAIM_MODE_ASYNC;
371 static void reset_reclaim_mode(struct scan_control *sc)
373 sc->reclaim_mode = RECLAIM_MODE_SINGLE | RECLAIM_MODE_ASYNC;
376 static inline int is_page_cache_freeable(struct page *page)
379 * A freeable page cache page is referenced only by the caller
380 * that isolated the page, the page cache radix tree and
381 * optional buffer heads at page->private.
383 return page_count(page) - page_has_private(page) == 2;
386 static int may_write_to_queue(struct backing_dev_info *bdi,
387 struct scan_control *sc)
389 if (current->flags & PF_SWAPWRITE)
391 if (!bdi_write_congested(bdi))
393 if (bdi == current->backing_dev_info)
396 /* lumpy reclaim for hugepage often need a lot of write */
397 if (sc->order > PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER)
403 * We detected a synchronous write error writing a page out. Probably
404 * -ENOSPC. We need to propagate that into the address_space for a subsequent
405 * fsync(), msync() or close().
407 * The tricky part is that after writepage we cannot touch the mapping: nothing
408 * prevents it from being freed up. But we have a ref on the page and once
409 * that page is locked, the mapping is pinned.
411 * We're allowed to run sleeping lock_page() here because we know the caller has
414 static void handle_write_error(struct address_space *mapping,
415 struct page *page, int error)
418 if (page_mapping(page) == mapping)
419 mapping_set_error(mapping, error);
423 /* possible outcome of pageout() */
425 /* failed to write page out, page is locked */
427 /* move page to the active list, page is locked */
429 /* page has been sent to the disk successfully, page is unlocked */
431 /* page is clean and locked */
436 * pageout is called by shrink_page_list() for each dirty page.
437 * Calls ->writepage().
439 static pageout_t pageout(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping,
440 struct scan_control *sc)
443 * If the page is dirty, only perform writeback if that write
444 * will be non-blocking. To prevent this allocation from being
445 * stalled by pagecache activity. But note that there may be
446 * stalls if we need to run get_block(). We could test
447 * PagePrivate for that.
449 * If this process is currently in __generic_file_aio_write() against
450 * this page's queue, we can perform writeback even if that
453 * If the page is swapcache, write it back even if that would
454 * block, for some throttling. This happens by accident, because
455 * swap_backing_dev_info is bust: it doesn't reflect the
456 * congestion state of the swapdevs. Easy to fix, if needed.
458 if (!is_page_cache_freeable(page))
462 * Some data journaling orphaned pages can have
463 * page->mapping == NULL while being dirty with clean buffers.
465 if (page_has_private(page)) {
466 if (try_to_free_buffers(page)) {
467 ClearPageDirty(page);
468 printk("%s: orphaned page\n", __func__);
474 if (mapping->a_ops->writepage == NULL)
475 return PAGE_ACTIVATE;
476 if (!may_write_to_queue(mapping->backing_dev_info, sc))
479 if (clear_page_dirty_for_io(page)) {
481 struct writeback_control wbc = {
482 .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE,
483 .nr_to_write = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX,
485 .range_end = LLONG_MAX,
489 SetPageReclaim(page);
490 res = mapping->a_ops->writepage(page, &wbc);
492 handle_write_error(mapping, page, res);
493 if (res == AOP_WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE) {
494 ClearPageReclaim(page);
495 return PAGE_ACTIVATE;
498 if (!PageWriteback(page)) {
499 /* synchronous write or broken a_ops? */
500 ClearPageReclaim(page);
502 trace_mm_vmscan_writepage(page,
503 trace_reclaim_flags(page, sc->reclaim_mode));
504 inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_VMSCAN_WRITE);
512 * Same as remove_mapping, but if the page is removed from the mapping, it
513 * gets returned with a refcount of 0.
515 static int __remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page)
517 BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
518 BUG_ON(mapping != page_mapping(page));
520 spin_lock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
522 * The non racy check for a busy page.
524 * Must be careful with the order of the tests. When someone has
525 * a ref to the page, it may be possible that they dirty it then
526 * drop the reference. So if PageDirty is tested before page_count
527 * here, then the following race may occur:
529 * get_user_pages(&page);
530 * [user mapping goes away]
532 * !PageDirty(page) [good]
533 * SetPageDirty(page);
535 * !page_count(page) [good, discard it]
537 * [oops, our write_to data is lost]
539 * Reversing the order of the tests ensures such a situation cannot
540 * escape unnoticed. The smp_rmb is needed to ensure the page->flags
541 * load is not satisfied before that of page->_count.
543 * Note that if SetPageDirty is always performed via set_page_dirty,
544 * and thus under tree_lock, then this ordering is not required.
546 if (!page_freeze_refs(page, 2))
548 /* note: atomic_cmpxchg in page_freeze_refs provides the smp_rmb */
549 if (unlikely(PageDirty(page))) {
550 page_unfreeze_refs(page, 2);
554 if (PageSwapCache(page)) {
555 swp_entry_t swap = { .val = page_private(page) };
556 __delete_from_swap_cache(page);
557 spin_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
558 swapcache_free(swap, page);
560 void (*freepage)(struct page *);
562 freepage = mapping->a_ops->freepage;
564 __delete_from_page_cache(page);
565 spin_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
566 mem_cgroup_uncharge_cache_page(page);
568 if (freepage != NULL)
575 spin_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock);
580 * Attempt to detach a locked page from its ->mapping. If it is dirty or if
581 * someone else has a ref on the page, abort and return 0. If it was
582 * successfully detached, return 1. Assumes the caller has a single ref on
585 int remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page)
587 if (__remove_mapping(mapping, page)) {
589 * Unfreezing the refcount with 1 rather than 2 effectively
590 * drops the pagecache ref for us without requiring another
593 page_unfreeze_refs(page, 1);
600 * putback_lru_page - put previously isolated page onto appropriate LRU list
601 * @page: page to be put back to appropriate lru list
603 * Add previously isolated @page to appropriate LRU list.
604 * Page may still be unevictable for other reasons.
606 * lru_lock must not be held, interrupts must be enabled.
608 void putback_lru_page(struct page *page)
611 int active = !!TestClearPageActive(page);
612 int was_unevictable = PageUnevictable(page);
614 VM_BUG_ON(PageLRU(page));
617 ClearPageUnevictable(page);
619 if (page_evictable(page, NULL)) {
621 * For evictable pages, we can use the cache.
622 * In event of a race, worst case is we end up with an
623 * unevictable page on [in]active list.
624 * We know how to handle that.
626 lru = active + page_lru_base_type(page);
627 lru_cache_add_lru(page, lru);
630 * Put unevictable pages directly on zone's unevictable
633 lru = LRU_UNEVICTABLE;
634 add_page_to_unevictable_list(page);
636 * When racing with an mlock or AS_UNEVICTABLE clearing
637 * (page is unlocked) make sure that if the other thread
638 * does not observe our setting of PG_lru and fails
639 * isolation/check_move_unevictable_pages,
640 * we see PG_mlocked/AS_UNEVICTABLE cleared below and move
641 * the page back to the evictable list.
643 * The other side is TestClearPageMlocked() or shmem_lock().
649 * page's status can change while we move it among lru. If an evictable
650 * page is on unevictable list, it never be freed. To avoid that,
651 * check after we added it to the list, again.
653 if (lru == LRU_UNEVICTABLE && page_evictable(page, NULL)) {
654 if (!isolate_lru_page(page)) {
658 /* This means someone else dropped this page from LRU
659 * So, it will be freed or putback to LRU again. There is
660 * nothing to do here.
664 if (was_unevictable && lru != LRU_UNEVICTABLE)
665 count_vm_event(UNEVICTABLE_PGRESCUED);
666 else if (!was_unevictable && lru == LRU_UNEVICTABLE)
667 count_vm_event(UNEVICTABLE_PGCULLED);
669 put_page(page); /* drop ref from isolate */
672 enum page_references {
674 PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN,
679 static enum page_references page_check_references(struct page *page,
680 struct scan_control *sc)
682 int referenced_ptes, referenced_page;
683 unsigned long vm_flags;
685 referenced_ptes = page_referenced(page, 1, sc->mem_cgroup, &vm_flags);
686 referenced_page = TestClearPageReferenced(page);
688 /* Lumpy reclaim - ignore references */
689 if (sc->reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_MODE_LUMPYRECLAIM)
690 return PAGEREF_RECLAIM;
693 * Mlock lost the isolation race with us. Let try_to_unmap()
694 * move the page to the unevictable list.
696 if (vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)
697 return PAGEREF_RECLAIM;
699 if (referenced_ptes) {
700 if (PageSwapBacked(page))
701 return PAGEREF_ACTIVATE;
703 * All mapped pages start out with page table
704 * references from the instantiating fault, so we need
705 * to look twice if a mapped file page is used more
708 * Mark it and spare it for another trip around the
709 * inactive list. Another page table reference will
710 * lead to its activation.
712 * Note: the mark is set for activated pages as well
713 * so that recently deactivated but used pages are
716 SetPageReferenced(page);
718 if (referenced_page || referenced_ptes > 1)
719 return PAGEREF_ACTIVATE;
722 * Activate file-backed executable pages after first usage.
724 if (vm_flags & VM_EXEC)
725 return PAGEREF_ACTIVATE;
730 /* Reclaim if clean, defer dirty pages to writeback */
731 if (referenced_page && !PageSwapBacked(page))
732 return PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN;
734 return PAGEREF_RECLAIM;
738 * shrink_page_list() returns the number of reclaimed pages
740 static unsigned long shrink_page_list(struct list_head *page_list,
742 struct scan_control *sc,
744 unsigned long *ret_nr_dirty,
745 unsigned long *ret_nr_writeback)
747 LIST_HEAD(ret_pages);
748 LIST_HEAD(free_pages);
750 unsigned long nr_dirty = 0;
751 unsigned long nr_congested = 0;
752 unsigned long nr_reclaimed = 0;
753 unsigned long nr_writeback = 0;
757 while (!list_empty(page_list)) {
758 enum page_references references;
759 struct address_space *mapping;
765 page = lru_to_page(page_list);
766 list_del(&page->lru);
768 if (!trylock_page(page))
771 VM_BUG_ON(PageActive(page));
772 VM_BUG_ON(page_zone(page) != zone);
776 if (unlikely(!page_evictable(page, NULL)))
779 if (!sc->may_unmap && page_mapped(page))
782 /* Double the slab pressure for mapped and swapcache pages */
783 if (page_mapped(page) || PageSwapCache(page))
786 may_enter_fs = (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_FS) ||
787 (PageSwapCache(page) && (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_IO));
789 if (PageWriteback(page)) {
792 * Synchronous reclaim cannot queue pages for
793 * writeback due to the possibility of stack overflow
794 * but if it encounters a page under writeback, wait
795 * for the IO to complete.
797 if ((sc->reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_MODE_SYNC) &&
799 wait_on_page_writeback(page);
806 references = page_check_references(page, sc);
807 switch (references) {
808 case PAGEREF_ACTIVATE:
809 goto activate_locked;
812 case PAGEREF_RECLAIM:
813 case PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN:
814 ; /* try to reclaim the page below */
818 * Anonymous process memory has backing store?
819 * Try to allocate it some swap space here.
821 if (PageAnon(page) && !PageSwapCache(page)) {
822 if (!(sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_IO))
824 if (!add_to_swap(page))
825 goto activate_locked;
829 mapping = page_mapping(page);
832 * The page is mapped into the page tables of one or more
833 * processes. Try to unmap it here.
835 if (page_mapped(page) && mapping) {
836 switch (try_to_unmap(page, TTU_UNMAP)) {
838 goto activate_locked;
844 ; /* try to free the page below */
848 if (PageDirty(page)) {
852 * Only kswapd can writeback filesystem pages to
853 * avoid risk of stack overflow but do not writeback
854 * unless under significant pressure.
856 if (page_is_file_cache(page) &&
857 (!current_is_kswapd() || priority >= DEF_PRIORITY - 2)) {
859 * Immediately reclaim when written back.
860 * Similar in principal to deactivate_page()
861 * except we already have the page isolated
862 * and know it's dirty
864 inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_VMSCAN_IMMEDIATE);
865 SetPageReclaim(page);
870 if (references == PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN)
874 if (!sc->may_writepage)
877 /* Page is dirty, try to write it out here */
878 switch (pageout(page, mapping, sc)) {
883 goto activate_locked;
885 if (PageWriteback(page))
891 * A synchronous write - probably a ramdisk. Go
892 * ahead and try to reclaim the page.
894 if (!trylock_page(page))
896 if (PageDirty(page) || PageWriteback(page))
898 mapping = page_mapping(page);
900 ; /* try to free the page below */
905 * If the page has buffers, try to free the buffer mappings
906 * associated with this page. If we succeed we try to free
909 * We do this even if the page is PageDirty().
910 * try_to_release_page() does not perform I/O, but it is
911 * possible for a page to have PageDirty set, but it is actually
912 * clean (all its buffers are clean). This happens if the
913 * buffers were written out directly, with submit_bh(). ext3
914 * will do this, as well as the blockdev mapping.
915 * try_to_release_page() will discover that cleanness and will
916 * drop the buffers and mark the page clean - it can be freed.
918 * Rarely, pages can have buffers and no ->mapping. These are
919 * the pages which were not successfully invalidated in
920 * truncate_complete_page(). We try to drop those buffers here
921 * and if that worked, and the page is no longer mapped into
922 * process address space (page_count == 1) it can be freed.
923 * Otherwise, leave the page on the LRU so it is swappable.
925 if (page_has_private(page)) {
926 if (!try_to_release_page(page, sc->gfp_mask))
927 goto activate_locked;
928 if (!mapping && page_count(page) == 1) {
930 if (put_page_testzero(page))
934 * rare race with speculative reference.
935 * the speculative reference will free
936 * this page shortly, so we may
937 * increment nr_reclaimed here (and
938 * leave it off the LRU).
946 if (!mapping || !__remove_mapping(mapping, page))
950 * At this point, we have no other references and there is
951 * no way to pick any more up (removed from LRU, removed
952 * from pagecache). Can use non-atomic bitops now (and
953 * we obviously don't have to worry about waking up a process
954 * waiting on the page lock, because there are no references.
956 __clear_page_locked(page);
961 * Is there need to periodically free_page_list? It would
962 * appear not as the counts should be low
964 list_add(&page->lru, &free_pages);
968 if (PageSwapCache(page))
969 try_to_free_swap(page);
971 putback_lru_page(page);
972 reset_reclaim_mode(sc);
976 /* Not a candidate for swapping, so reclaim swap space. */
977 if (PageSwapCache(page) && vm_swap_full())
978 try_to_free_swap(page);
979 VM_BUG_ON(PageActive(page));
985 reset_reclaim_mode(sc);
987 list_add(&page->lru, &ret_pages);
988 VM_BUG_ON(PageLRU(page) || PageUnevictable(page));
992 * Tag a zone as congested if all the dirty pages encountered were
993 * backed by a congested BDI. In this case, reclaimers should just
994 * back off and wait for congestion to clear because further reclaim
995 * will encounter the same problem
997 if (nr_dirty && nr_dirty == nr_congested && scanning_global_lru(sc))
998 zone_set_flag(zone, ZONE_CONGESTED);
1000 free_hot_cold_page_list(&free_pages, 1);
1002 list_splice(&ret_pages, page_list);
1003 count_vm_events(PGACTIVATE, pgactivate);
1004 *ret_nr_dirty += nr_dirty;
1005 *ret_nr_writeback += nr_writeback;
1006 return nr_reclaimed;
1010 * Attempt to remove the specified page from its LRU. Only take this page
1011 * if it is of the appropriate PageActive status. Pages which are being
1012 * freed elsewhere are also ignored.
1014 * page: page to consider
1015 * mode: one of the LRU isolation modes defined above
1017 * returns 0 on success, -ve errno on failure.
1019 int __isolate_lru_page(struct page *page, isolate_mode_t mode, int file)
1024 /* Only take pages on the LRU. */
1028 all_lru_mode = (mode & (ISOLATE_ACTIVE|ISOLATE_INACTIVE)) ==
1029 (ISOLATE_ACTIVE|ISOLATE_INACTIVE);
1032 * When checking the active state, we need to be sure we are
1033 * dealing with comparible boolean values. Take the logical not
1036 if (!all_lru_mode && !PageActive(page) != !(mode & ISOLATE_ACTIVE))
1039 if (!all_lru_mode && !!page_is_file_cache(page) != file)
1043 * When this function is being called for lumpy reclaim, we
1044 * initially look into all LRU pages, active, inactive and
1045 * unevictable; only give shrink_page_list evictable pages.
1047 if (PageUnevictable(page))
1053 * To minimise LRU disruption, the caller can indicate that it only
1054 * wants to isolate pages it will be able to operate on without
1055 * blocking - clean pages for the most part.
1057 * ISOLATE_CLEAN means that only clean pages should be isolated. This
1058 * is used by reclaim when it is cannot write to backing storage
1060 * ISOLATE_ASYNC_MIGRATE is used to indicate that it only wants to pages
1061 * that it is possible to migrate without blocking
1063 if (mode & (ISOLATE_CLEAN|ISOLATE_ASYNC_MIGRATE)) {
1064 /* All the caller can do on PageWriteback is block */
1065 if (PageWriteback(page))
1068 if (PageDirty(page)) {
1069 struct address_space *mapping;
1072 /* ISOLATE_CLEAN means only clean pages */
1073 if (mode & ISOLATE_CLEAN)
1077 * Only pages without mappings or that have a
1078 * ->migratepage callback are possible to migrate
1079 * without blocking. However, we can be racing with
1080 * truncation so it's necessary to lock the page
1081 * to stabilise the mapping as truncation holds
1082 * the page lock until after the page is removed
1083 * from the page cache.
1085 if (!trylock_page(page))
1088 mapping = page_mapping(page);
1089 migrate_dirty = mapping && mapping->a_ops->migratepage;
1096 if ((mode & ISOLATE_UNMAPPED) && page_mapped(page))
1099 if (likely(get_page_unless_zero(page))) {
1101 * Be careful not to clear PageLRU until after we're
1102 * sure the page is not being freed elsewhere -- the
1103 * page release code relies on it.
1113 * zone->lru_lock is heavily contended. Some of the functions that
1114 * shrink the lists perform better by taking out a batch of pages
1115 * and working on them outside the LRU lock.
1117 * For pagecache intensive workloads, this function is the hottest
1118 * spot in the kernel (apart from copy_*_user functions).
1120 * Appropriate locks must be held before calling this function.
1122 * @nr_to_scan: The number of pages to look through on the list.
1123 * @src: The LRU list to pull pages off.
1124 * @dst: The temp list to put pages on to.
1125 * @scanned: The number of pages that were scanned.
1126 * @order: The caller's attempted allocation order
1127 * @mode: One of the LRU isolation modes
1128 * @file: True [1] if isolating file [!anon] pages
1130 * returns how many pages were moved onto *@dst.
1132 static unsigned long isolate_lru_pages(unsigned long nr_to_scan,
1133 struct list_head *src, struct list_head *dst,
1134 unsigned long *scanned, int order, isolate_mode_t mode,
1137 unsigned long nr_taken = 0;
1138 unsigned long nr_lumpy_taken = 0;
1139 unsigned long nr_lumpy_dirty = 0;
1140 unsigned long nr_lumpy_failed = 0;
1143 for (scan = 0; scan < nr_to_scan && !list_empty(src); scan++) {
1146 unsigned long end_pfn;
1147 unsigned long page_pfn;
1150 page = lru_to_page(src);
1151 prefetchw_prev_lru_page(page, src, flags);
1153 VM_BUG_ON(!PageLRU(page));
1155 switch (__isolate_lru_page(page, mode, file)) {
1157 list_move(&page->lru, dst);
1158 mem_cgroup_del_lru(page);
1159 nr_taken += hpage_nr_pages(page);
1163 /* else it is being freed elsewhere */
1164 list_move(&page->lru, src);
1165 mem_cgroup_rotate_lru_list(page, page_lru(page));
1176 * Attempt to take all pages in the order aligned region
1177 * surrounding the tag page. Only take those pages of
1178 * the same active state as that tag page. We may safely
1179 * round the target page pfn down to the requested order
1180 * as the mem_map is guaranteed valid out to MAX_ORDER,
1181 * where that page is in a different zone we will detect
1182 * it from its zone id and abort this block scan.
1184 zone_id = page_zone_id(page);
1185 page_pfn = page_to_pfn(page);
1186 pfn = page_pfn & ~((1 << order) - 1);
1187 end_pfn = pfn + (1 << order);
1188 for (; pfn < end_pfn; pfn++) {
1189 struct page *cursor_page;
1191 /* The target page is in the block, ignore it. */
1192 if (unlikely(pfn == page_pfn))
1195 /* Avoid holes within the zone. */
1196 if (unlikely(!pfn_valid_within(pfn)))
1199 cursor_page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
1201 /* Check that we have not crossed a zone boundary. */
1202 if (unlikely(page_zone_id(cursor_page) != zone_id))
1206 * If we don't have enough swap space, reclaiming of
1207 * anon page which don't already have a swap slot is
1210 if (nr_swap_pages <= 0 && PageSwapBacked(cursor_page) &&
1211 !PageSwapCache(cursor_page))
1214 if (__isolate_lru_page(cursor_page, mode, file) == 0) {
1215 list_move(&cursor_page->lru, dst);
1216 mem_cgroup_del_lru(cursor_page);
1217 nr_taken += hpage_nr_pages(page);
1219 if (PageDirty(cursor_page))
1224 * Check if the page is freed already.
1226 * We can't use page_count() as that
1227 * requires compound_head and we don't
1228 * have a pin on the page here. If a
1229 * page is tail, we may or may not
1230 * have isolated the head, so assume
1231 * it's not free, it'd be tricky to
1232 * track the head status without a
1235 if (!PageTail(cursor_page) &&
1236 !atomic_read(&cursor_page->_count))
1242 /* If we break out of the loop above, lumpy reclaim failed */
1249 trace_mm_vmscan_lru_isolate(order,
1252 nr_lumpy_taken, nr_lumpy_dirty, nr_lumpy_failed,
1257 static unsigned long isolate_pages_global(unsigned long nr,
1258 struct list_head *dst,
1259 unsigned long *scanned, int order,
1260 isolate_mode_t mode,
1261 struct zone *z, int active, int file)
1268 return isolate_lru_pages(nr, &z->lru[lru].list, dst, scanned, order,
1273 * clear_active_flags() is a helper for shrink_active_list(), clearing
1274 * any active bits from the pages in the list.
1276 static unsigned long clear_active_flags(struct list_head *page_list,
1277 unsigned int *count)
1283 list_for_each_entry(page, page_list, lru) {
1284 int numpages = hpage_nr_pages(page);
1285 lru = page_lru_base_type(page);
1286 if (PageActive(page)) {
1288 ClearPageActive(page);
1289 nr_active += numpages;
1292 count[lru] += numpages;
1299 * isolate_lru_page - tries to isolate a page from its LRU list
1300 * @page: page to isolate from its LRU list
1302 * Isolates a @page from an LRU list, clears PageLRU and adjusts the
1303 * vmstat statistic corresponding to whatever LRU list the page was on.
1305 * Returns 0 if the page was removed from an LRU list.
1306 * Returns -EBUSY if the page was not on an LRU list.
1308 * The returned page will have PageLRU() cleared. If it was found on
1309 * the active list, it will have PageActive set. If it was found on
1310 * the unevictable list, it will have the PageUnevictable bit set. That flag
1311 * may need to be cleared by the caller before letting the page go.
1313 * The vmstat statistic corresponding to the list on which the page was
1314 * found will be decremented.
1317 * (1) Must be called with an elevated refcount on the page. This is a
1318 * fundamentnal difference from isolate_lru_pages (which is called
1319 * without a stable reference).
1320 * (2) the lru_lock must not be held.
1321 * (3) interrupts must be enabled.
1323 int isolate_lru_page(struct page *page)
1327 VM_BUG_ON(!page_count(page));
1329 if (PageLRU(page)) {
1330 struct zone *zone = page_zone(page);
1332 spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1333 if (PageLRU(page)) {
1334 int lru = page_lru(page);
1339 del_page_from_lru_list(zone, page, lru);
1341 spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1347 * Are there way too many processes in the direct reclaim path already?
1349 static int too_many_isolated(struct zone *zone, int file,
1350 struct scan_control *sc)
1352 unsigned long inactive, isolated;
1354 if (current_is_kswapd())
1357 if (!scanning_global_lru(sc))
1361 inactive = zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
1362 isolated = zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_FILE);
1364 inactive = zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);
1365 isolated = zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_ANON);
1368 return isolated > inactive;
1372 * TODO: Try merging with migrations version of putback_lru_pages
1374 static noinline_for_stack void
1375 putback_lru_pages(struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc,
1376 unsigned long nr_anon, unsigned long nr_file,
1377 struct list_head *page_list)
1380 struct pagevec pvec;
1381 struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = get_reclaim_stat(zone, sc);
1383 pagevec_init(&pvec, 1);
1386 * Put back any unfreeable pages.
1388 spin_lock(&zone->lru_lock);
1389 while (!list_empty(page_list)) {
1391 page = lru_to_page(page_list);
1392 VM_BUG_ON(PageLRU(page));
1393 list_del(&page->lru);
1394 if (unlikely(!page_evictable(page, NULL))) {
1395 spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1396 putback_lru_page(page);
1397 spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1401 lru = page_lru(page);
1402 add_page_to_lru_list(zone, page, lru);
1403 if (is_active_lru(lru)) {
1404 int file = is_file_lru(lru);
1405 int numpages = hpage_nr_pages(page);
1406 reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[file] += numpages;
1408 if (!pagevec_add(&pvec, page)) {
1409 spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1410 __pagevec_release(&pvec);
1411 spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1414 __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_ANON, -nr_anon);
1415 __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_FILE, -nr_file);
1417 spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1418 pagevec_release(&pvec);
1421 static noinline_for_stack void update_isolated_counts(struct zone *zone,
1422 struct scan_control *sc,
1423 unsigned long *nr_anon,
1424 unsigned long *nr_file,
1425 struct list_head *isolated_list)
1427 unsigned long nr_active;
1428 unsigned int count[NR_LRU_LISTS] = { 0, };
1429 struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = get_reclaim_stat(zone, sc);
1431 nr_active = clear_active_flags(isolated_list, count);
1432 __count_vm_events(PGDEACTIVATE, nr_active);
1434 __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_FILE,
1435 -count[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE]);
1436 __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_FILE,
1437 -count[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE]);
1438 __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_ANON,
1439 -count[LRU_ACTIVE_ANON]);
1440 __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_ANON,
1441 -count[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON]);
1443 *nr_anon = count[LRU_ACTIVE_ANON] + count[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON];
1444 *nr_file = count[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE] + count[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE];
1445 __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_ANON, *nr_anon);
1446 __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_FILE, *nr_file);
1448 reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[0] += *nr_anon;
1449 reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[1] += *nr_file;
1453 * Returns true if a direct reclaim should wait on pages under writeback.
1455 * If we are direct reclaiming for contiguous pages and we do not reclaim
1456 * everything in the list, try again and wait for writeback IO to complete.
1457 * This will stall high-order allocations noticeably. Only do that when really
1458 * need to free the pages under high memory pressure.
1460 static inline bool should_reclaim_stall(unsigned long nr_taken,
1461 unsigned long nr_freed,
1463 struct scan_control *sc)
1465 int lumpy_stall_priority;
1467 /* kswapd should not stall on sync IO */
1468 if (current_is_kswapd())
1471 /* Only stall on lumpy reclaim */
1472 if (sc->reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_MODE_SINGLE)
1475 /* If we have reclaimed everything on the isolated list, no stall */
1476 if (nr_freed == nr_taken)
1480 * For high-order allocations, there are two stall thresholds.
1481 * High-cost allocations stall immediately where as lower
1482 * order allocations such as stacks require the scanning
1483 * priority to be much higher before stalling.
1485 if (sc->order > PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER)
1486 lumpy_stall_priority = DEF_PRIORITY;
1488 lumpy_stall_priority = DEF_PRIORITY / 3;
1490 return priority <= lumpy_stall_priority;
1494 * shrink_inactive_list() is a helper for shrink_zone(). It returns the number
1495 * of reclaimed pages
1497 static noinline_for_stack unsigned long
1498 shrink_inactive_list(unsigned long nr_to_scan, struct zone *zone,
1499 struct scan_control *sc, int priority, int file)
1501 LIST_HEAD(page_list);
1502 unsigned long nr_scanned;
1503 unsigned long nr_reclaimed = 0;
1504 unsigned long nr_taken;
1505 unsigned long nr_anon;
1506 unsigned long nr_file;
1507 unsigned long nr_dirty = 0;
1508 unsigned long nr_writeback = 0;
1509 isolate_mode_t reclaim_mode = ISOLATE_INACTIVE;
1511 while (unlikely(too_many_isolated(zone, file, sc))) {
1512 congestion_wait(BLK_RW_ASYNC, HZ/10);
1514 /* We are about to die and free our memory. Return now. */
1515 if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
1516 return SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX;
1519 set_reclaim_mode(priority, sc, false);
1520 if (sc->reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_MODE_LUMPYRECLAIM)
1521 reclaim_mode |= ISOLATE_ACTIVE;
1526 reclaim_mode |= ISOLATE_UNMAPPED;
1527 if (!sc->may_writepage)
1528 reclaim_mode |= ISOLATE_CLEAN;
1530 spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1532 if (scanning_global_lru(sc)) {
1533 nr_taken = isolate_pages_global(nr_to_scan, &page_list,
1534 &nr_scanned, sc->order, reclaim_mode, zone, 0, file);
1535 zone->pages_scanned += nr_scanned;
1536 if (current_is_kswapd())
1537 __count_zone_vm_events(PGSCAN_KSWAPD, zone,
1540 __count_zone_vm_events(PGSCAN_DIRECT, zone,
1543 nr_taken = mem_cgroup_isolate_pages(nr_to_scan, &page_list,
1544 &nr_scanned, sc->order, reclaim_mode, zone,
1545 sc->mem_cgroup, 0, file);
1547 * mem_cgroup_isolate_pages() keeps track of
1548 * scanned pages on its own.
1552 if (nr_taken == 0) {
1553 spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1557 update_isolated_counts(zone, sc, &nr_anon, &nr_file, &page_list);
1559 spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1561 nr_reclaimed = shrink_page_list(&page_list, zone, sc, priority,
1562 &nr_dirty, &nr_writeback);
1564 /* Check if we should syncronously wait for writeback */
1565 if (should_reclaim_stall(nr_taken, nr_reclaimed, priority, sc)) {
1566 set_reclaim_mode(priority, sc, true);
1567 nr_reclaimed += shrink_page_list(&page_list, zone, sc,
1568 priority, &nr_dirty, &nr_writeback);
1571 local_irq_disable();
1572 if (current_is_kswapd())
1573 __count_vm_events(KSWAPD_STEAL, nr_reclaimed);
1574 __count_zone_vm_events(PGSTEAL, zone, nr_reclaimed);
1576 putback_lru_pages(zone, sc, nr_anon, nr_file, &page_list);
1579 * If reclaim is isolating dirty pages under writeback, it implies
1580 * that the long-lived page allocation rate is exceeding the page
1581 * laundering rate. Either the global limits are not being effective
1582 * at throttling processes due to the page distribution throughout
1583 * zones or there is heavy usage of a slow backing device. The
1584 * only option is to throttle from reclaim context which is not ideal
1585 * as there is no guarantee the dirtying process is throttled in the
1586 * same way balance_dirty_pages() manages.
1588 * This scales the number of dirty pages that must be under writeback
1589 * before throttling depending on priority. It is a simple backoff
1590 * function that has the most effect in the range DEF_PRIORITY to
1591 * DEF_PRIORITY-2 which is the priority reclaim is considered to be
1592 * in trouble and reclaim is considered to be in trouble.
1594 * DEF_PRIORITY 100% isolated pages must be PageWriteback to throttle
1595 * DEF_PRIORITY-1 50% must be PageWriteback
1596 * DEF_PRIORITY-2 25% must be PageWriteback, kswapd in trouble
1598 * DEF_PRIORITY-6 For SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX isolated pages, throttle if any
1599 * isolated page is PageWriteback
1601 if (nr_writeback && nr_writeback >= (nr_taken >> (DEF_PRIORITY-priority)))
1602 wait_iff_congested(zone, BLK_RW_ASYNC, HZ/10);
1604 trace_mm_vmscan_lru_shrink_inactive(zone->zone_pgdat->node_id,
1606 nr_scanned, nr_reclaimed,
1608 trace_shrink_flags(file, sc->reclaim_mode));
1609 return nr_reclaimed;
1613 * This moves pages from the active list to the inactive list.
1615 * We move them the other way if the page is referenced by one or more
1616 * processes, from rmap.
1618 * If the pages are mostly unmapped, the processing is fast and it is
1619 * appropriate to hold zone->lru_lock across the whole operation. But if
1620 * the pages are mapped, the processing is slow (page_referenced()) so we
1621 * should drop zone->lru_lock around each page. It's impossible to balance
1622 * this, so instead we remove the pages from the LRU while processing them.
1623 * It is safe to rely on PG_active against the non-LRU pages in here because
1624 * nobody will play with that bit on a non-LRU page.
1626 * The downside is that we have to touch page->_count against each page.
1627 * But we had to alter page->flags anyway.
1630 static void move_active_pages_to_lru(struct zone *zone,
1631 struct list_head *list,
1634 unsigned long pgmoved = 0;
1635 struct pagevec pvec;
1638 pagevec_init(&pvec, 1);
1640 while (!list_empty(list)) {
1641 page = lru_to_page(list);
1643 VM_BUG_ON(PageLRU(page));
1646 list_move(&page->lru, &zone->lru[lru].list);
1647 mem_cgroup_add_lru_list(page, lru);
1648 pgmoved += hpage_nr_pages(page);
1650 if (!pagevec_add(&pvec, page) || list_empty(list)) {
1651 spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1652 if (buffer_heads_over_limit)
1653 pagevec_strip(&pvec);
1654 __pagevec_release(&pvec);
1655 spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1658 __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_LRU_BASE + lru, pgmoved);
1659 if (!is_active_lru(lru))
1660 __count_vm_events(PGDEACTIVATE, pgmoved);
1663 static void shrink_active_list(unsigned long nr_pages, struct zone *zone,
1664 struct scan_control *sc, int priority, int file)
1666 unsigned long nr_taken;
1667 unsigned long pgscanned;
1668 unsigned long vm_flags;
1669 LIST_HEAD(l_hold); /* The pages which were snipped off */
1670 LIST_HEAD(l_active);
1671 LIST_HEAD(l_inactive);
1673 struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = get_reclaim_stat(zone, sc);
1674 unsigned long nr_rotated = 0;
1675 isolate_mode_t reclaim_mode = ISOLATE_ACTIVE;
1680 reclaim_mode |= ISOLATE_UNMAPPED;
1681 if (!sc->may_writepage)
1682 reclaim_mode |= ISOLATE_CLEAN;
1684 spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1685 if (scanning_global_lru(sc)) {
1686 nr_taken = isolate_pages_global(nr_pages, &l_hold,
1687 &pgscanned, sc->order,
1690 zone->pages_scanned += pgscanned;
1692 nr_taken = mem_cgroup_isolate_pages(nr_pages, &l_hold,
1693 &pgscanned, sc->order,
1695 sc->mem_cgroup, 1, file);
1697 * mem_cgroup_isolate_pages() keeps track of
1698 * scanned pages on its own.
1702 reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[file] += nr_taken;
1704 __count_zone_vm_events(PGREFILL, zone, pgscanned);
1706 __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_FILE, -nr_taken);
1708 __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_ANON, -nr_taken);
1709 __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, nr_taken);
1710 spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1712 while (!list_empty(&l_hold)) {
1714 page = lru_to_page(&l_hold);
1715 list_del(&page->lru);
1717 if (unlikely(!page_evictable(page, NULL))) {
1718 putback_lru_page(page);
1722 if (page_referenced(page, 0, sc->mem_cgroup, &vm_flags)) {
1723 nr_rotated += hpage_nr_pages(page);
1725 * Identify referenced, file-backed active pages and
1726 * give them one more trip around the active list. So
1727 * that executable code get better chances to stay in
1728 * memory under moderate memory pressure. Anon pages
1729 * are not likely to be evicted by use-once streaming
1730 * IO, plus JVM can create lots of anon VM_EXEC pages,
1731 * so we ignore them here.
1733 if ((vm_flags & VM_EXEC) && page_is_file_cache(page)) {
1734 list_add(&page->lru, &l_active);
1739 ClearPageActive(page); /* we are de-activating */
1740 list_add(&page->lru, &l_inactive);
1744 * Move pages back to the lru list.
1746 spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1748 * Count referenced pages from currently used mappings as rotated,
1749 * even though only some of them are actually re-activated. This
1750 * helps balance scan pressure between file and anonymous pages in
1753 reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[file] += nr_rotated;
1755 move_active_pages_to_lru(zone, &l_active,
1756 LRU_ACTIVE + file * LRU_FILE);
1757 move_active_pages_to_lru(zone, &l_inactive,
1758 LRU_BASE + file * LRU_FILE);
1759 __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, -nr_taken);
1760 spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1764 static int inactive_anon_is_low_global(struct zone *zone)
1766 unsigned long active, inactive;
1768 active = zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_ANON);
1769 inactive = zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);
1771 if (inactive * zone->inactive_ratio < active)
1778 * inactive_anon_is_low - check if anonymous pages need to be deactivated
1779 * @zone: zone to check
1780 * @sc: scan control of this context
1782 * Returns true if the zone does not have enough inactive anon pages,
1783 * meaning some active anon pages need to be deactivated.
1785 static int inactive_anon_is_low(struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc)
1790 * If we don't have swap space, anonymous page deactivation
1793 if (!total_swap_pages)
1796 if (scanning_global_lru(sc))
1797 low = inactive_anon_is_low_global(zone);
1799 low = mem_cgroup_inactive_anon_is_low(sc->mem_cgroup, zone);
1803 static inline int inactive_anon_is_low(struct zone *zone,
1804 struct scan_control *sc)
1810 static int inactive_file_is_low_global(struct zone *zone)
1812 unsigned long active, inactive;
1814 active = zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_FILE);
1815 inactive = zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
1817 return (active > inactive);
1821 * inactive_file_is_low - check if file pages need to be deactivated
1822 * @zone: zone to check
1823 * @sc: scan control of this context
1825 * When the system is doing streaming IO, memory pressure here
1826 * ensures that active file pages get deactivated, until more
1827 * than half of the file pages are on the inactive list.
1829 * Once we get to that situation, protect the system's working
1830 * set from being evicted by disabling active file page aging.
1832 * This uses a different ratio than the anonymous pages, because
1833 * the page cache uses a use-once replacement algorithm.
1835 static int inactive_file_is_low(struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc)
1839 if (scanning_global_lru(sc))
1840 low = inactive_file_is_low_global(zone);
1842 low = mem_cgroup_inactive_file_is_low(sc->mem_cgroup, zone);
1846 static int inactive_list_is_low(struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc,
1850 return inactive_file_is_low(zone, sc);
1852 return inactive_anon_is_low(zone, sc);
1855 static unsigned long shrink_list(enum lru_list lru, unsigned long nr_to_scan,
1856 struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc, int priority)
1858 int file = is_file_lru(lru);
1860 if (is_active_lru(lru)) {
1861 if (inactive_list_is_low(zone, sc, file))
1862 shrink_active_list(nr_to_scan, zone, sc, priority, file);
1866 return shrink_inactive_list(nr_to_scan, zone, sc, priority, file);
1869 static int vmscan_swappiness(struct scan_control *sc)
1871 if (scanning_global_lru(sc))
1872 return vm_swappiness;
1873 return mem_cgroup_swappiness(sc->mem_cgroup);
1877 * Determine how aggressively the anon and file LRU lists should be
1878 * scanned. The relative value of each set of LRU lists is determined
1879 * by looking at the fraction of the pages scanned we did rotate back
1880 * onto the active list instead of evict.
1882 * nr[0] = anon pages to scan; nr[1] = file pages to scan
1884 static void get_scan_count(struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc,
1885 unsigned long *nr, int priority)
1887 unsigned long anon, file, free;
1888 unsigned long anon_prio, file_prio;
1889 unsigned long ap, fp;
1890 struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = get_reclaim_stat(zone, sc);
1891 u64 fraction[2], denominator;
1894 bool force_scan = false;
1897 * If the zone or memcg is small, nr[l] can be 0. This
1898 * results in no scanning on this priority and a potential
1899 * priority drop. Global direct reclaim can go to the next
1900 * zone and tends to have no problems. Global kswapd is for
1901 * zone balancing and it needs to scan a minimum amount. When
1902 * reclaiming for a memcg, a priority drop can cause high
1903 * latencies, so it's better to scan a minimum amount there as
1906 if (scanning_global_lru(sc) && current_is_kswapd() &&
1907 zone->all_unreclaimable)
1909 if (!scanning_global_lru(sc))
1912 /* If we have no swap space, do not bother scanning anon pages. */
1913 if (!sc->may_swap || (nr_swap_pages <= 0)) {
1921 anon = zone_nr_lru_pages(zone, sc, LRU_ACTIVE_ANON) +
1922 zone_nr_lru_pages(zone, sc, LRU_INACTIVE_ANON);
1923 file = zone_nr_lru_pages(zone, sc, LRU_ACTIVE_FILE) +
1924 zone_nr_lru_pages(zone, sc, LRU_INACTIVE_FILE);
1926 if (scanning_global_lru(sc)) {
1927 free = zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES);
1928 /* If we have very few page cache pages,
1929 force-scan anon pages. */
1930 if (unlikely(file + free <= high_wmark_pages(zone))) {
1939 * With swappiness at 100, anonymous and file have the same priority.
1940 * This scanning priority is essentially the inverse of IO cost.
1942 anon_prio = vmscan_swappiness(sc);
1943 file_prio = 200 - vmscan_swappiness(sc);
1946 * OK, so we have swap space and a fair amount of page cache
1947 * pages. We use the recently rotated / recently scanned
1948 * ratios to determine how valuable each cache is.
1950 * Because workloads change over time (and to avoid overflow)
1951 * we keep these statistics as a floating average, which ends
1952 * up weighing recent references more than old ones.
1954 * anon in [0], file in [1]
1956 spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1957 if (unlikely(reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[0] > anon / 4)) {
1958 reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[0] /= 2;
1959 reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[0] /= 2;
1962 if (unlikely(reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[1] > file / 4)) {
1963 reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[1] /= 2;
1964 reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[1] /= 2;
1968 * The amount of pressure on anon vs file pages is inversely
1969 * proportional to the fraction of recently scanned pages on
1970 * each list that were recently referenced and in active use.
1972 ap = anon_prio * (reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[0] + 1);
1973 ap /= reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[0] + 1;
1975 fp = file_prio * (reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[1] + 1);
1976 fp /= reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[1] + 1;
1977 spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
1981 denominator = ap + fp + 1;
1983 for_each_evictable_lru(l) {
1984 int file = is_file_lru(l);
1987 scan = zone_nr_lru_pages(zone, sc, l);
1988 if (priority || noswap || !vmscan_swappiness(sc)) {
1990 if (!scan && force_scan)
1991 scan = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX;
1992 scan = div64_u64(scan * fraction[file], denominator);
1999 * Reclaim/compaction depends on a number of pages being freed. To avoid
2000 * disruption to the system, a small number of order-0 pages continue to be
2001 * rotated and reclaimed in the normal fashion. However, by the time we get
2002 * back to the allocator and call try_to_compact_zone(), we ensure that
2003 * there are enough free pages for it to be likely successful
2005 static inline bool should_continue_reclaim(struct zone *zone,
2006 unsigned long nr_reclaimed,
2007 unsigned long nr_scanned,
2008 struct scan_control *sc)
2010 unsigned long pages_for_compaction;
2011 unsigned long inactive_lru_pages;
2013 /* If not in reclaim/compaction mode, stop */
2014 if (!(sc->reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_MODE_COMPACTION))
2017 /* Consider stopping depending on scan and reclaim activity */
2018 if (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_REPEAT) {
2020 * For __GFP_REPEAT allocations, stop reclaiming if the
2021 * full LRU list has been scanned and we are still failing
2022 * to reclaim pages. This full LRU scan is potentially
2023 * expensive but a __GFP_REPEAT caller really wants to succeed
2025 if (!nr_reclaimed && !nr_scanned)
2029 * For non-__GFP_REPEAT allocations which can presumably
2030 * fail without consequence, stop if we failed to reclaim
2031 * any pages from the last SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX number of
2032 * pages that were scanned. This will return to the
2033 * caller faster at the risk reclaim/compaction and
2034 * the resulting allocation attempt fails
2041 * If we have not reclaimed enough pages for compaction and the
2042 * inactive lists are large enough, continue reclaiming
2044 pages_for_compaction = (2UL << sc->order);
2045 inactive_lru_pages = zone_nr_lru_pages(zone, sc, LRU_INACTIVE_FILE);
2046 if (nr_swap_pages > 0)
2047 inactive_lru_pages += zone_nr_lru_pages(zone, sc, LRU_INACTIVE_ANON);
2048 if (sc->nr_reclaimed < pages_for_compaction &&
2049 inactive_lru_pages > pages_for_compaction)
2052 /* If compaction would go ahead or the allocation would succeed, stop */
2053 switch (compaction_suitable(zone, sc->order)) {
2054 case COMPACT_PARTIAL:
2055 case COMPACT_CONTINUE:
2063 * This is a basic per-zone page freer. Used by both kswapd and direct reclaim.
2065 static void shrink_zone(int priority, struct zone *zone,
2066 struct scan_control *sc)
2068 unsigned long nr[NR_LRU_LISTS];
2069 unsigned long nr_to_scan;
2071 unsigned long nr_reclaimed, nr_scanned;
2072 unsigned long nr_to_reclaim = sc->nr_to_reclaim;
2073 struct blk_plug plug;
2077 nr_scanned = sc->nr_scanned;
2078 get_scan_count(zone, sc, nr, priority);
2080 blk_start_plug(&plug);
2081 while (nr[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] || nr[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE] ||
2082 nr[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE]) {
2083 for_each_evictable_lru(l) {
2085 nr_to_scan = min_t(unsigned long,
2086 nr[l], SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX);
2087 nr[l] -= nr_to_scan;
2089 nr_reclaimed += shrink_list(l, nr_to_scan,
2090 zone, sc, priority);
2094 * On large memory systems, scan >> priority can become
2095 * really large. This is fine for the starting priority;
2096 * we want to put equal scanning pressure on each zone.
2097 * However, if the VM has a harder time of freeing pages,
2098 * with multiple processes reclaiming pages, the total
2099 * freeing target can get unreasonably large.
2101 if (nr_reclaimed >= nr_to_reclaim && priority < DEF_PRIORITY)
2104 blk_finish_plug(&plug);
2105 sc->nr_reclaimed += nr_reclaimed;
2108 * Even if we did not try to evict anon pages at all, we want to
2109 * rebalance the anon lru active/inactive ratio.
2111 if (inactive_anon_is_low(zone, sc))
2112 shrink_active_list(SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, zone, sc, priority, 0);
2114 /* reclaim/compaction might need reclaim to continue */
2115 if (should_continue_reclaim(zone, nr_reclaimed,
2116 sc->nr_scanned - nr_scanned, sc))
2119 throttle_vm_writeout(sc->gfp_mask);
2122 /* Returns true if compaction should go ahead for a high-order request */
2123 static inline bool compaction_ready(struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc)
2125 unsigned long balance_gap, watermark;
2128 /* Do not consider compaction for orders reclaim is meant to satisfy */
2129 if (sc->order <= PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER)
2133 * Compaction takes time to run and there are potentially other
2134 * callers using the pages just freed. Continue reclaiming until
2135 * there is a buffer of free pages available to give compaction
2136 * a reasonable chance of completing and allocating the page
2138 balance_gap = min(low_wmark_pages(zone),
2139 (zone->present_pages + KSWAPD_ZONE_BALANCE_GAP_RATIO-1) /
2140 KSWAPD_ZONE_BALANCE_GAP_RATIO);
2141 watermark = high_wmark_pages(zone) + balance_gap + (2UL << sc->order);
2142 watermark_ok = zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, 0, watermark, 0, 0);
2145 * If compaction is deferred, reclaim up to a point where
2146 * compaction will have a chance of success when re-enabled
2148 if (compaction_deferred(zone))
2149 return watermark_ok;
2151 /* If compaction is not ready to start, keep reclaiming */
2152 if (!compaction_suitable(zone, sc->order))
2155 return watermark_ok;
2159 * This is the direct reclaim path, for page-allocating processes. We only
2160 * try to reclaim pages from zones which will satisfy the caller's allocation
2163 * We reclaim from a zone even if that zone is over high_wmark_pages(zone).
2165 * a) The caller may be trying to free *extra* pages to satisfy a higher-order
2167 * b) The target zone may be at high_wmark_pages(zone) but the lower zones
2168 * must go *over* high_wmark_pages(zone) to satisfy the `incremental min'
2169 * zone defense algorithm.
2171 * If a zone is deemed to be full of pinned pages then just give it a light
2172 * scan then give up on it.
2174 * This function returns true if a zone is being reclaimed for a costly
2175 * high-order allocation and compaction is ready to begin. This indicates to
2176 * the caller that it should consider retrying the allocation instead of
2179 static bool shrink_zones(int priority, struct zonelist *zonelist,
2180 struct scan_control *sc)
2184 unsigned long nr_soft_reclaimed;
2185 unsigned long nr_soft_scanned;
2186 bool aborted_reclaim = false;
2188 for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist,
2189 gfp_zone(sc->gfp_mask), sc->nodemask) {
2190 if (!populated_zone(zone))
2193 * Take care memory controller reclaiming has small influence
2196 if (scanning_global_lru(sc)) {
2197 if (!cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall(zone, GFP_KERNEL))
2199 if (zone->all_unreclaimable && priority != DEF_PRIORITY)
2200 continue; /* Let kswapd poll it */
2201 if (COMPACTION_BUILD) {
2203 * If we already have plenty of memory free for
2204 * compaction in this zone, don't free any more.
2205 * Even though compaction is invoked for any
2206 * non-zero order, only frequent costly order
2207 * reclamation is disruptive enough to become a
2208 * noticable problem, like transparent huge page
2211 if (compaction_ready(zone, sc)) {
2212 aborted_reclaim = true;
2217 * This steals pages from memory cgroups over softlimit
2218 * and returns the number of reclaimed pages and
2219 * scanned pages. This works for global memory pressure
2220 * and balancing, not for a memcg's limit.
2222 nr_soft_scanned = 0;
2223 nr_soft_reclaimed = mem_cgroup_soft_limit_reclaim(zone,
2224 sc->order, sc->gfp_mask,
2226 sc->nr_reclaimed += nr_soft_reclaimed;
2227 sc->nr_scanned += nr_soft_scanned;
2228 /* need some check for avoid more shrink_zone() */
2231 shrink_zone(priority, zone, sc);
2234 return aborted_reclaim;
2237 static bool zone_reclaimable(struct zone *zone)
2239 return zone->pages_scanned < zone_reclaimable_pages(zone) * 6;
2242 /* All zones in zonelist are unreclaimable? */
2243 static bool all_unreclaimable(struct zonelist *zonelist,
2244 struct scan_control *sc)
2249 for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist,
2250 gfp_zone(sc->gfp_mask), sc->nodemask) {
2251 if (!populated_zone(zone))
2253 if (!cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall(zone, GFP_KERNEL))
2255 if (!zone->all_unreclaimable)
2263 * This is the main entry point to direct page reclaim.
2265 * If a full scan of the inactive list fails to free enough memory then we
2266 * are "out of memory" and something needs to be killed.
2268 * If the caller is !__GFP_FS then the probability of a failure is reasonably
2269 * high - the zone may be full of dirty or under-writeback pages, which this
2270 * caller can't do much about. We kick the writeback threads and take explicit
2271 * naps in the hope that some of these pages can be written. But if the
2272 * allocating task holds filesystem locks which prevent writeout this might not
2273 * work, and the allocation attempt will fail.
2275 * returns: 0, if no pages reclaimed
2276 * else, the number of pages reclaimed
2278 static unsigned long do_try_to_free_pages(struct zonelist *zonelist,
2279 struct scan_control *sc,
2280 struct shrink_control *shrink)
2283 unsigned long total_scanned = 0;
2284 struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state = current->reclaim_state;
2287 unsigned long writeback_threshold;
2288 bool aborted_reclaim;
2290 delayacct_freepages_start();
2292 if (scanning_global_lru(sc))
2293 count_vm_event(ALLOCSTALL);
2295 for (priority = DEF_PRIORITY; priority >= 0; priority--) {
2298 disable_swap_token(sc->mem_cgroup);
2299 aborted_reclaim = shrink_zones(priority, zonelist, sc);
2302 * Don't shrink slabs when reclaiming memory from
2303 * over limit cgroups
2305 if (scanning_global_lru(sc)) {
2306 unsigned long lru_pages = 0;
2307 for_each_zone_zonelist(zone, z, zonelist,
2308 gfp_zone(sc->gfp_mask)) {
2309 if (!cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall(zone, GFP_KERNEL))
2312 lru_pages += zone_reclaimable_pages(zone);
2315 shrink_slab(shrink, sc->nr_scanned, lru_pages);
2316 if (reclaim_state) {
2317 sc->nr_reclaimed += reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab;
2318 reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab = 0;
2321 total_scanned += sc->nr_scanned;
2322 if (sc->nr_reclaimed >= sc->nr_to_reclaim)
2326 * Try to write back as many pages as we just scanned. This
2327 * tends to cause slow streaming writers to write data to the
2328 * disk smoothly, at the dirtying rate, which is nice. But
2329 * that's undesirable in laptop mode, where we *want* lumpy
2330 * writeout. So in laptop mode, write out the whole world.
2332 writeback_threshold = sc->nr_to_reclaim + sc->nr_to_reclaim / 2;
2333 if (total_scanned > writeback_threshold) {
2334 wakeup_flusher_threads(laptop_mode ? 0 : total_scanned,
2335 WB_REASON_TRY_TO_FREE_PAGES);
2336 sc->may_writepage = 1;
2339 /* Take a nap, wait for some writeback to complete */
2340 if (!sc->hibernation_mode && sc->nr_scanned &&
2341 priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2) {
2342 struct zone *preferred_zone;
2344 first_zones_zonelist(zonelist, gfp_zone(sc->gfp_mask),
2345 &cpuset_current_mems_allowed,
2347 wait_iff_congested(preferred_zone, BLK_RW_ASYNC, HZ/10);
2352 delayacct_freepages_end();
2354 if (sc->nr_reclaimed)
2355 return sc->nr_reclaimed;
2358 * As hibernation is going on, kswapd is freezed so that it can't mark
2359 * the zone into all_unreclaimable. Thus bypassing all_unreclaimable
2362 if (oom_killer_disabled)
2365 /* Aborted reclaim to try compaction? don't OOM, then */
2366 if (aborted_reclaim)
2369 /* top priority shrink_zones still had more to do? don't OOM, then */
2370 if (scanning_global_lru(sc) && !all_unreclaimable(zonelist, sc))
2376 unsigned long try_to_free_pages(struct zonelist *zonelist, int order,
2377 gfp_t gfp_mask, nodemask_t *nodemask)
2379 unsigned long nr_reclaimed;
2380 struct scan_control sc = {
2381 .gfp_mask = gfp_mask,
2382 .may_writepage = !laptop_mode,
2383 .nr_to_reclaim = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX,
2388 .nodemask = nodemask,
2390 struct shrink_control shrink = {
2391 .gfp_mask = sc.gfp_mask,
2394 trace_mm_vmscan_direct_reclaim_begin(order,
2398 nr_reclaimed = do_try_to_free_pages(zonelist, &sc, &shrink);
2400 trace_mm_vmscan_direct_reclaim_end(nr_reclaimed);
2402 return nr_reclaimed;
2405 #ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR
2407 unsigned long mem_cgroup_shrink_node_zone(struct mem_cgroup *mem,
2408 gfp_t gfp_mask, bool noswap,
2410 unsigned long *nr_scanned)
2412 struct scan_control sc = {
2414 .nr_to_reclaim = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX,
2415 .may_writepage = !laptop_mode,
2417 .may_swap = !noswap,
2422 sc.gfp_mask = (gfp_mask & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK) |
2423 (GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE & ~GFP_RECLAIM_MASK);
2425 trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_softlimit_reclaim_begin(0,
2430 * NOTE: Although we can get the priority field, using it
2431 * here is not a good idea, since it limits the pages we can scan.
2432 * if we don't reclaim here, the shrink_zone from balance_pgdat
2433 * will pick up pages from other mem cgroup's as well. We hack
2434 * the priority and make it zero.
2436 shrink_zone(0, zone, &sc);
2438 trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_softlimit_reclaim_end(sc.nr_reclaimed);
2440 *nr_scanned = sc.nr_scanned;
2441 return sc.nr_reclaimed;
2444 unsigned long try_to_free_mem_cgroup_pages(struct mem_cgroup *mem_cont,
2448 struct zonelist *zonelist;
2449 unsigned long nr_reclaimed;
2451 struct scan_control sc = {
2452 .may_writepage = !laptop_mode,
2454 .may_swap = !noswap,
2455 .nr_to_reclaim = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX,
2457 .mem_cgroup = mem_cont,
2458 .nodemask = NULL, /* we don't care the placement */
2459 .gfp_mask = (gfp_mask & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK) |
2460 (GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE & ~GFP_RECLAIM_MASK),
2462 struct shrink_control shrink = {
2463 .gfp_mask = sc.gfp_mask,
2467 * Unlike direct reclaim via alloc_pages(), memcg's reclaim doesn't
2468 * take care of from where we get pages. So the node where we start the
2469 * scan does not need to be the current node.
2471 nid = mem_cgroup_select_victim_node(mem_cont);
2473 zonelist = NODE_DATA(nid)->node_zonelists;
2475 trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_reclaim_begin(0,
2479 nr_reclaimed = do_try_to_free_pages(zonelist, &sc, &shrink);
2481 trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_reclaim_end(nr_reclaimed);
2483 return nr_reclaimed;
2488 * pgdat_balanced is used when checking if a node is balanced for high-order
2489 * allocations. Only zones that meet watermarks and are in a zone allowed
2490 * by the callers classzone_idx are added to balanced_pages. The total of
2491 * balanced pages must be at least 25% of the zones allowed by classzone_idx
2492 * for the node to be considered balanced. Forcing all zones to be balanced
2493 * for high orders can cause excessive reclaim when there are imbalanced zones.
2494 * The choice of 25% is due to
2495 * o a 16M DMA zone that is balanced will not balance a zone on any
2496 * reasonable sized machine
2497 * o On all other machines, the top zone must be at least a reasonable
2498 * percentage of the middle zones. For example, on 32-bit x86, highmem
2499 * would need to be at least 256M for it to be balance a whole node.
2500 * Similarly, on x86-64 the Normal zone would need to be at least 1G
2501 * to balance a node on its own. These seemed like reasonable ratios.
2503 static bool pgdat_balanced(pg_data_t *pgdat, unsigned long balanced_pages,
2506 unsigned long present_pages = 0;
2509 for (i = 0; i <= classzone_idx; i++)
2510 present_pages += pgdat->node_zones[i].present_pages;
2512 /* A special case here: if zone has no page, we think it's balanced */
2513 return balanced_pages >= (present_pages >> 2);
2516 /* is kswapd sleeping prematurely? */
2517 static bool sleeping_prematurely(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, long remaining,
2521 unsigned long balanced = 0;
2522 bool all_zones_ok = true;
2524 /* If a direct reclaimer woke kswapd within HZ/10, it's premature */
2528 /* Check the watermark levels */
2529 for (i = 0; i <= classzone_idx; i++) {
2530 struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + i;
2532 if (!populated_zone(zone))
2536 * balance_pgdat() skips over all_unreclaimable after
2537 * DEF_PRIORITY. Effectively, it considers them balanced so
2538 * they must be considered balanced here as well if kswapd
2541 if (zone->all_unreclaimable) {
2542 balanced += zone->present_pages;
2546 if (!zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order, high_wmark_pages(zone),
2548 all_zones_ok = false;
2550 balanced += zone->present_pages;
2554 * For high-order requests, the balanced zones must contain at least
2555 * 25% of the nodes pages for kswapd to sleep. For order-0, all zones
2559 return !pgdat_balanced(pgdat, balanced, classzone_idx);
2561 return !all_zones_ok;
2565 * For kswapd, balance_pgdat() will work across all this node's zones until
2566 * they are all at high_wmark_pages(zone).
2568 * Returns the final order kswapd was reclaiming at
2570 * There is special handling here for zones which are full of pinned pages.
2571 * This can happen if the pages are all mlocked, or if they are all used by
2572 * device drivers (say, ZONE_DMA). Or if they are all in use by hugetlb.
2573 * What we do is to detect the case where all pages in the zone have been
2574 * scanned twice and there has been zero successful reclaim. Mark the zone as
2575 * dead and from now on, only perform a short scan. Basically we're polling
2576 * the zone for when the problem goes away.
2578 * kswapd scans the zones in the highmem->normal->dma direction. It skips
2579 * zones which have free_pages > high_wmark_pages(zone), but once a zone is
2580 * found to have free_pages <= high_wmark_pages(zone), we scan that zone and the
2581 * lower zones regardless of the number of free pages in the lower zones. This
2582 * interoperates with the page allocator fallback scheme to ensure that aging
2583 * of pages is balanced across the zones.
2585 static unsigned long balance_pgdat(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order,
2589 unsigned long balanced;
2592 int end_zone = 0; /* Inclusive. 0 = ZONE_DMA */
2593 unsigned long total_scanned;
2594 struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state = current->reclaim_state;
2595 unsigned long nr_soft_reclaimed;
2596 unsigned long nr_soft_scanned;
2597 struct scan_control sc = {
2598 .gfp_mask = GFP_KERNEL,
2602 * kswapd doesn't want to be bailed out while reclaim. because
2603 * we want to put equal scanning pressure on each zone.
2605 .nr_to_reclaim = ULONG_MAX,
2609 struct shrink_control shrink = {
2610 .gfp_mask = sc.gfp_mask,
2614 sc.nr_reclaimed = 0;
2615 sc.may_writepage = !laptop_mode;
2616 count_vm_event(PAGEOUTRUN);
2618 for (priority = DEF_PRIORITY; priority >= 0; priority--) {
2619 unsigned long lru_pages = 0;
2620 int has_under_min_watermark_zone = 0;
2622 /* The swap token gets in the way of swapout... */
2624 disable_swap_token(NULL);
2630 * Scan in the highmem->dma direction for the highest
2631 * zone which needs scanning
2633 for (i = pgdat->nr_zones - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
2634 struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + i;
2636 if (!populated_zone(zone))
2639 if (zone->all_unreclaimable && priority != DEF_PRIORITY)
2643 * Do some background aging of the anon list, to give
2644 * pages a chance to be referenced before reclaiming.
2646 if (inactive_anon_is_low(zone, &sc))
2647 shrink_active_list(SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, zone,
2650 if (!zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order,
2651 high_wmark_pages(zone), 0, 0)) {
2655 /* If balanced, clear the congested flag */
2656 zone_clear_flag(zone, ZONE_CONGESTED);
2662 for (i = 0; i <= end_zone; i++) {
2663 struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + i;
2665 lru_pages += zone_reclaimable_pages(zone);
2669 * Now scan the zone in the dma->highmem direction, stopping
2670 * at the last zone which needs scanning.
2672 * We do this because the page allocator works in the opposite
2673 * direction. This prevents the page allocator from allocating
2674 * pages behind kswapd's direction of progress, which would
2675 * cause too much scanning of the lower zones.
2677 for (i = 0; i <= end_zone; i++) {
2678 struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + i;
2680 unsigned long balance_gap;
2682 if (!populated_zone(zone))
2685 if (zone->all_unreclaimable && priority != DEF_PRIORITY)
2690 nr_soft_scanned = 0;
2692 * Call soft limit reclaim before calling shrink_zone.
2694 nr_soft_reclaimed = mem_cgroup_soft_limit_reclaim(zone,
2697 sc.nr_reclaimed += nr_soft_reclaimed;
2698 total_scanned += nr_soft_scanned;
2701 * We put equal pressure on every zone, unless
2702 * one zone has way too many pages free
2703 * already. The "too many pages" is defined
2704 * as the high wmark plus a "gap" where the
2705 * gap is either the low watermark or 1%
2706 * of the zone, whichever is smaller.
2708 balance_gap = min(low_wmark_pages(zone),
2709 (zone->present_pages +
2710 KSWAPD_ZONE_BALANCE_GAP_RATIO-1) /
2711 KSWAPD_ZONE_BALANCE_GAP_RATIO);
2712 if (!zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order,
2713 high_wmark_pages(zone) + balance_gap,
2715 shrink_zone(priority, zone, &sc);
2717 reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab = 0;
2718 nr_slab = shrink_slab(&shrink, sc.nr_scanned, lru_pages);
2719 sc.nr_reclaimed += reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab;
2720 total_scanned += sc.nr_scanned;
2722 if (nr_slab == 0 && !zone_reclaimable(zone))
2723 zone->all_unreclaimable = 1;
2727 * If we've done a decent amount of scanning and
2728 * the reclaim ratio is low, start doing writepage
2729 * even in laptop mode
2731 if (total_scanned > SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX * 2 &&
2732 total_scanned > sc.nr_reclaimed + sc.nr_reclaimed / 2)
2733 sc.may_writepage = 1;
2735 if (zone->all_unreclaimable) {
2736 if (end_zone && end_zone == i)
2741 if (!zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order,
2742 high_wmark_pages(zone), end_zone, 0)) {
2745 * We are still under min water mark. This
2746 * means that we have a GFP_ATOMIC allocation
2747 * failure risk. Hurry up!
2749 if (!zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order,
2750 min_wmark_pages(zone), end_zone, 0))
2751 has_under_min_watermark_zone = 1;
2754 * If a zone reaches its high watermark,
2755 * consider it to be no longer congested. It's
2756 * possible there are dirty pages backed by
2757 * congested BDIs but as pressure is relieved,
2758 * spectulatively avoid congestion waits
2760 zone_clear_flag(zone, ZONE_CONGESTED);
2761 if (i <= *classzone_idx)
2762 balanced += zone->present_pages;
2766 if (all_zones_ok || (order && pgdat_balanced(pgdat, balanced, *classzone_idx)))
2767 break; /* kswapd: all done */
2769 * OK, kswapd is getting into trouble. Take a nap, then take
2770 * another pass across the zones.
2772 if (total_scanned && (priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2)) {
2773 if (has_under_min_watermark_zone)
2774 count_vm_event(KSWAPD_SKIP_CONGESTION_WAIT);
2776 congestion_wait(BLK_RW_ASYNC, HZ/10);
2780 * We do this so kswapd doesn't build up large priorities for
2781 * example when it is freeing in parallel with allocators. It
2782 * matches the direct reclaim path behaviour in terms of impact
2783 * on zone->*_priority.
2785 if (sc.nr_reclaimed >= SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX)
2791 * order-0: All zones must meet high watermark for a balanced node
2792 * high-order: Balanced zones must make up at least 25% of the node
2793 * for the node to be balanced
2795 if (!(all_zones_ok || (order && pgdat_balanced(pgdat, balanced, *classzone_idx)))) {
2801 * Fragmentation may mean that the system cannot be
2802 * rebalanced for high-order allocations in all zones.
2803 * At this point, if nr_reclaimed < SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX,
2804 * it means the zones have been fully scanned and are still
2805 * not balanced. For high-order allocations, there is
2806 * little point trying all over again as kswapd may
2809 * Instead, recheck all watermarks at order-0 as they
2810 * are the most important. If watermarks are ok, kswapd will go
2811 * back to sleep. High-order users can still perform direct
2812 * reclaim if they wish.
2814 if (sc.nr_reclaimed < SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX)
2815 order = sc.order = 0;
2821 * If kswapd was reclaiming at a higher order, it has the option of
2822 * sleeping without all zones being balanced. Before it does, it must
2823 * ensure that the watermarks for order-0 on *all* zones are met and
2824 * that the congestion flags are cleared. The congestion flag must
2825 * be cleared as kswapd is the only mechanism that clears the flag
2826 * and it is potentially going to sleep here.
2829 for (i = 0; i <= end_zone; i++) {
2830 struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + i;
2832 if (!populated_zone(zone))
2835 if (zone->all_unreclaimable && priority != DEF_PRIORITY)
2838 /* Confirm the zone is balanced for order-0 */
2839 if (!zone_watermark_ok(zone, 0,
2840 high_wmark_pages(zone), 0, 0)) {
2841 order = sc.order = 0;
2845 /* If balanced, clear the congested flag */
2846 zone_clear_flag(zone, ZONE_CONGESTED);
2847 if (i <= *classzone_idx)
2848 balanced += zone->present_pages;
2853 * Return the order we were reclaiming at so sleeping_prematurely()
2854 * makes a decision on the order we were last reclaiming at. However,
2855 * if another caller entered the allocator slow path while kswapd
2856 * was awake, order will remain at the higher level
2858 *classzone_idx = end_zone;
2862 static void kswapd_try_to_sleep(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, int classzone_idx)
2867 if (freezing(current) || kthread_should_stop())
2870 prepare_to_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
2872 /* Try to sleep for a short interval */
2873 if (!sleeping_prematurely(pgdat, order, remaining, classzone_idx)) {
2874 remaining = schedule_timeout(HZ/10);
2875 finish_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait);
2876 prepare_to_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
2880 * After a short sleep, check if it was a premature sleep. If not, then
2881 * go fully to sleep until explicitly woken up.
2883 if (!sleeping_prematurely(pgdat, order, remaining, classzone_idx)) {
2884 trace_mm_vmscan_kswapd_sleep(pgdat->node_id);
2887 * vmstat counters are not perfectly accurate and the estimated
2888 * value for counters such as NR_FREE_PAGES can deviate from the
2889 * true value by nr_online_cpus * threshold. To avoid the zone
2890 * watermarks being breached while under pressure, we reduce the
2891 * per-cpu vmstat threshold while kswapd is awake and restore
2892 * them before going back to sleep.
2894 set_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pgdat, calculate_normal_threshold);
2896 if (!kthread_should_stop())
2899 set_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pgdat, calculate_pressure_threshold);
2902 count_vm_event(KSWAPD_LOW_WMARK_HIT_QUICKLY);
2904 count_vm_event(KSWAPD_HIGH_WMARK_HIT_QUICKLY);
2906 finish_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait);
2910 * The background pageout daemon, started as a kernel thread
2911 * from the init process.
2913 * This basically trickles out pages so that we have _some_
2914 * free memory available even if there is no other activity
2915 * that frees anything up. This is needed for things like routing
2916 * etc, where we otherwise might have all activity going on in
2917 * asynchronous contexts that cannot page things out.
2919 * If there are applications that are active memory-allocators
2920 * (most normal use), this basically shouldn't matter.
2922 static int kswapd(void *p)
2924 unsigned long order, new_order;
2925 unsigned balanced_order;
2926 int classzone_idx, new_classzone_idx;
2927 int balanced_classzone_idx;
2928 pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t*)p;
2929 struct task_struct *tsk = current;
2931 struct reclaim_state reclaim_state = {
2932 .reclaimed_slab = 0,
2934 const struct cpumask *cpumask = cpumask_of_node(pgdat->node_id);
2936 lockdep_set_current_reclaim_state(GFP_KERNEL);
2938 if (!cpumask_empty(cpumask))
2939 set_cpus_allowed_ptr(tsk, cpumask);
2940 current->reclaim_state = &reclaim_state;
2943 * Tell the memory management that we're a "memory allocator",
2944 * and that if we need more memory we should get access to it
2945 * regardless (see "__alloc_pages()"). "kswapd" should
2946 * never get caught in the normal page freeing logic.
2948 * (Kswapd normally doesn't need memory anyway, but sometimes
2949 * you need a small amount of memory in order to be able to
2950 * page out something else, and this flag essentially protects
2951 * us from recursively trying to free more memory as we're
2952 * trying to free the first piece of memory in the first place).
2954 tsk->flags |= PF_MEMALLOC | PF_SWAPWRITE | PF_KSWAPD;
2957 order = new_order = 0;
2959 classzone_idx = new_classzone_idx = pgdat->nr_zones - 1;
2960 balanced_classzone_idx = classzone_idx;
2965 * If the last balance_pgdat was unsuccessful it's unlikely a
2966 * new request of a similar or harder type will succeed soon
2967 * so consider going to sleep on the basis we reclaimed at
2969 if (balanced_classzone_idx >= new_classzone_idx &&
2970 balanced_order == new_order) {
2971 new_order = pgdat->kswapd_max_order;
2972 new_classzone_idx = pgdat->classzone_idx;
2973 pgdat->kswapd_max_order = 0;
2974 pgdat->classzone_idx = pgdat->nr_zones - 1;
2977 if (order < new_order || classzone_idx > new_classzone_idx) {
2979 * Don't sleep if someone wants a larger 'order'
2980 * allocation or has tigher zone constraints
2983 classzone_idx = new_classzone_idx;
2985 kswapd_try_to_sleep(pgdat, balanced_order,
2986 balanced_classzone_idx);
2987 order = pgdat->kswapd_max_order;
2988 classzone_idx = pgdat->classzone_idx;
2990 new_classzone_idx = classzone_idx;
2991 pgdat->kswapd_max_order = 0;
2992 pgdat->classzone_idx = pgdat->nr_zones - 1;
2995 ret = try_to_freeze();
2996 if (kthread_should_stop())
3000 * We can speed up thawing tasks if we don't call balance_pgdat
3001 * after returning from the refrigerator
3004 trace_mm_vmscan_kswapd_wake(pgdat->node_id, order);
3005 balanced_classzone_idx = classzone_idx;
3006 balanced_order = balance_pgdat(pgdat, order,
3007 &balanced_classzone_idx);
3011 tsk->flags &= ~(PF_MEMALLOC | PF_SWAPWRITE | PF_KSWAPD);
3012 current->reclaim_state = NULL;
3013 lockdep_clear_current_reclaim_state();
3019 * A zone is low on free memory, so wake its kswapd task to service it.
3021 void wakeup_kswapd(struct zone *zone, int order, enum zone_type classzone_idx)
3025 if (!populated_zone(zone))
3028 if (!cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall(zone, GFP_KERNEL))
3030 pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat;
3031 if (pgdat->kswapd_max_order < order) {
3032 pgdat->kswapd_max_order = order;
3033 pgdat->classzone_idx = min(pgdat->classzone_idx, classzone_idx);
3035 if (!waitqueue_active(&pgdat->kswapd_wait))
3037 if (zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order, low_wmark_pages(zone), 0, 0))
3040 trace_mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd(pgdat->node_id, zone_idx(zone), order);
3041 wake_up_interruptible(&pgdat->kswapd_wait);
3045 * The reclaimable count would be mostly accurate.
3046 * The less reclaimable pages may be
3047 * - mlocked pages, which will be moved to unevictable list when encountered
3048 * - mapped pages, which may require several travels to be reclaimed
3049 * - dirty pages, which is not "instantly" reclaimable
3051 unsigned long global_reclaimable_pages(void)
3055 nr = global_page_state(NR_ACTIVE_FILE) +
3056 global_page_state(NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
3058 if (nr_swap_pages > 0)
3059 nr += global_page_state(NR_ACTIVE_ANON) +
3060 global_page_state(NR_INACTIVE_ANON);
3065 unsigned long zone_reclaimable_pages(struct zone *zone)
3069 nr = zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_FILE) +
3070 zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
3072 if (nr_swap_pages > 0)
3073 nr += zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_ANON) +
3074 zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_ANON);
3079 #ifdef CONFIG_HIBERNATION
3081 * Try to free `nr_to_reclaim' of memory, system-wide, and return the number of
3084 * Rather than trying to age LRUs the aim is to preserve the overall
3085 * LRU order by reclaiming preferentially
3086 * inactive > active > active referenced > active mapped
3088 unsigned long shrink_all_memory(unsigned long nr_to_reclaim)
3090 struct reclaim_state reclaim_state;
3091 struct scan_control sc = {
3092 .gfp_mask = GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE,
3096 .nr_to_reclaim = nr_to_reclaim,
3097 .hibernation_mode = 1,
3100 struct shrink_control shrink = {
3101 .gfp_mask = sc.gfp_mask,
3103 struct zonelist *zonelist = node_zonelist(numa_node_id(), sc.gfp_mask);
3104 struct task_struct *p = current;
3105 unsigned long nr_reclaimed;
3107 p->flags |= PF_MEMALLOC;
3108 lockdep_set_current_reclaim_state(sc.gfp_mask);
3109 reclaim_state.reclaimed_slab = 0;
3110 p->reclaim_state = &reclaim_state;
3112 nr_reclaimed = do_try_to_free_pages(zonelist, &sc, &shrink);
3114 p->reclaim_state = NULL;
3115 lockdep_clear_current_reclaim_state();
3116 p->flags &= ~PF_MEMALLOC;
3118 return nr_reclaimed;
3120 #endif /* CONFIG_HIBERNATION */
3122 /* It's optimal to keep kswapds on the same CPUs as their memory, but
3123 not required for correctness. So if the last cpu in a node goes
3124 away, we get changed to run anywhere: as the first one comes back,
3125 restore their cpu bindings. */
3126 static int __devinit cpu_callback(struct notifier_block *nfb,
3127 unsigned long action, void *hcpu)
3131 if (action == CPU_ONLINE || action == CPU_ONLINE_FROZEN) {
3132 for_each_node_state(nid, N_HIGH_MEMORY) {
3133 pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
3134 const struct cpumask *mask;
3136 mask = cpumask_of_node(pgdat->node_id);
3138 if (cpumask_any_and(cpu_online_mask, mask) < nr_cpu_ids)
3139 /* One of our CPUs online: restore mask */
3140 set_cpus_allowed_ptr(pgdat->kswapd, mask);
3147 * This kswapd start function will be called by init and node-hot-add.
3148 * On node-hot-add, kswapd will moved to proper cpus if cpus are hot-added.
3150 int kswapd_run(int nid)
3152 pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
3158 pgdat->kswapd = kthread_run(kswapd, pgdat, "kswapd%d", nid);
3159 if (IS_ERR(pgdat->kswapd)) {
3160 /* failure at boot is fatal */
3161 BUG_ON(system_state == SYSTEM_BOOTING);
3162 printk("Failed to start kswapd on node %d\n",nid);
3169 * Called by memory hotplug when all memory in a node is offlined. Caller must
3170 * hold lock_memory_hotplug().
3172 void kswapd_stop(int nid)
3174 struct task_struct *kswapd = NODE_DATA(nid)->kswapd;
3177 kthread_stop(kswapd);
3178 NODE_DATA(nid)->kswapd = NULL;
3182 static int __init kswapd_init(void)
3187 for_each_node_state(nid, N_HIGH_MEMORY)
3189 hotcpu_notifier(cpu_callback, 0);
3193 module_init(kswapd_init)
3199 * If non-zero call zone_reclaim when the number of free pages falls below
3202 int zone_reclaim_mode __read_mostly;
3204 #define RECLAIM_OFF 0
3205 #define RECLAIM_ZONE (1<<0) /* Run shrink_inactive_list on the zone */
3206 #define RECLAIM_WRITE (1<<1) /* Writeout pages during reclaim */
3207 #define RECLAIM_SWAP (1<<2) /* Swap pages out during reclaim */
3210 * Priority for ZONE_RECLAIM. This determines the fraction of pages
3211 * of a node considered for each zone_reclaim. 4 scans 1/16th of
3214 #define ZONE_RECLAIM_PRIORITY 4
3217 * Percentage of pages in a zone that must be unmapped for zone_reclaim to
3220 int sysctl_min_unmapped_ratio = 1;
3223 * If the number of slab pages in a zone grows beyond this percentage then
3224 * slab reclaim needs to occur.
3226 int sysctl_min_slab_ratio = 5;
3228 static inline unsigned long zone_unmapped_file_pages(struct zone *zone)
3230 unsigned long file_mapped = zone_page_state(zone, NR_FILE_MAPPED);
3231 unsigned long file_lru = zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_FILE) +
3232 zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_FILE);
3235 * It's possible for there to be more file mapped pages than
3236 * accounted for by the pages on the file LRU lists because
3237 * tmpfs pages accounted for as ANON can also be FILE_MAPPED
3239 return (file_lru > file_mapped) ? (file_lru - file_mapped) : 0;
3242 /* Work out how many page cache pages we can reclaim in this reclaim_mode */
3243 static long zone_pagecache_reclaimable(struct zone *zone)
3245 long nr_pagecache_reclaimable;
3249 * If RECLAIM_SWAP is set, then all file pages are considered
3250 * potentially reclaimable. Otherwise, we have to worry about
3251 * pages like swapcache and zone_unmapped_file_pages() provides
3254 if (zone_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_SWAP)
3255 nr_pagecache_reclaimable = zone_page_state(zone, NR_FILE_PAGES);
3257 nr_pagecache_reclaimable = zone_unmapped_file_pages(zone);
3259 /* If we can't clean pages, remove dirty pages from consideration */
3260 if (!(zone_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_WRITE))
3261 delta += zone_page_state(zone, NR_FILE_DIRTY);
3263 /* Watch for any possible underflows due to delta */
3264 if (unlikely(delta > nr_pagecache_reclaimable))
3265 delta = nr_pagecache_reclaimable;
3267 return nr_pagecache_reclaimable - delta;
3271 * Try to free up some pages from this zone through reclaim.
3273 static int __zone_reclaim(struct zone *zone, gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order)
3275 /* Minimum pages needed in order to stay on node */
3276 const unsigned long nr_pages = 1 << order;
3277 struct task_struct *p = current;
3278 struct reclaim_state reclaim_state;
3280 struct scan_control sc = {
3281 .may_writepage = !!(zone_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_WRITE),
3282 .may_unmap = !!(zone_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_SWAP),
3284 .nr_to_reclaim = max_t(unsigned long, nr_pages,
3286 .gfp_mask = gfp_mask,
3289 struct shrink_control shrink = {
3290 .gfp_mask = sc.gfp_mask,
3292 unsigned long nr_slab_pages0, nr_slab_pages1;
3296 * We need to be able to allocate from the reserves for RECLAIM_SWAP
3297 * and we also need to be able to write out pages for RECLAIM_WRITE
3300 p->flags |= PF_MEMALLOC | PF_SWAPWRITE;
3301 lockdep_set_current_reclaim_state(gfp_mask);
3302 reclaim_state.reclaimed_slab = 0;
3303 p->reclaim_state = &reclaim_state;
3305 if (zone_pagecache_reclaimable(zone) > zone->min_unmapped_pages) {
3307 * Free memory by calling shrink zone with increasing
3308 * priorities until we have enough memory freed.
3310 priority = ZONE_RECLAIM_PRIORITY;
3312 shrink_zone(priority, zone, &sc);
3314 } while (priority >= 0 && sc.nr_reclaimed < nr_pages);
3317 nr_slab_pages0 = zone_page_state(zone, NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE);
3318 if (nr_slab_pages0 > zone->min_slab_pages) {
3320 * shrink_slab() does not currently allow us to determine how
3321 * many pages were freed in this zone. So we take the current
3322 * number of slab pages and shake the slab until it is reduced
3323 * by the same nr_pages that we used for reclaiming unmapped
3326 * Note that shrink_slab will free memory on all zones and may
3330 unsigned long lru_pages = zone_reclaimable_pages(zone);
3332 /* No reclaimable slab or very low memory pressure */
3333 if (!shrink_slab(&shrink, sc.nr_scanned, lru_pages))
3336 /* Freed enough memory */
3337 nr_slab_pages1 = zone_page_state(zone,
3338 NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE);
3339 if (nr_slab_pages1 + nr_pages <= nr_slab_pages0)
3344 * Update nr_reclaimed by the number of slab pages we
3345 * reclaimed from this zone.
3347 nr_slab_pages1 = zone_page_state(zone, NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE);
3348 if (nr_slab_pages1 < nr_slab_pages0)
3349 sc.nr_reclaimed += nr_slab_pages0 - nr_slab_pages1;
3352 p->reclaim_state = NULL;
3353 current->flags &= ~(PF_MEMALLOC | PF_SWAPWRITE);
3354 lockdep_clear_current_reclaim_state();
3355 return sc.nr_reclaimed >= nr_pages;
3358 int zone_reclaim(struct zone *zone, gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order)
3364 * Zone reclaim reclaims unmapped file backed pages and
3365 * slab pages if we are over the defined limits.
3367 * A small portion of unmapped file backed pages is needed for
3368 * file I/O otherwise pages read by file I/O will be immediately
3369 * thrown out if the zone is overallocated. So we do not reclaim
3370 * if less than a specified percentage of the zone is used by
3371 * unmapped file backed pages.
3373 if (zone_pagecache_reclaimable(zone) <= zone->min_unmapped_pages &&
3374 zone_page_state(zone, NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE) <= zone->min_slab_pages)
3375 return ZONE_RECLAIM_FULL;
3377 if (zone->all_unreclaimable)
3378 return ZONE_RECLAIM_FULL;
3381 * Do not scan if the allocation should not be delayed.
3383 if (!(gfp_mask & __GFP_WAIT) || (current->flags & PF_MEMALLOC))
3384 return ZONE_RECLAIM_NOSCAN;
3387 * Only run zone reclaim on the local zone or on zones that do not
3388 * have associated processors. This will favor the local processor
3389 * over remote processors and spread off node memory allocations
3390 * as wide as possible.
3392 node_id = zone_to_nid(zone);
3393 if (node_state(node_id, N_CPU) && node_id != numa_node_id())
3394 return ZONE_RECLAIM_NOSCAN;
3396 if (zone_test_and_set_flag(zone, ZONE_RECLAIM_LOCKED))
3397 return ZONE_RECLAIM_NOSCAN;
3399 ret = __zone_reclaim(zone, gfp_mask, order);
3400 zone_clear_flag(zone, ZONE_RECLAIM_LOCKED);
3403 count_vm_event(PGSCAN_ZONE_RECLAIM_FAILED);
3410 * page_evictable - test whether a page is evictable
3411 * @page: the page to test
3412 * @vma: the VMA in which the page is or will be mapped, may be NULL
3414 * Test whether page is evictable--i.e., should be placed on active/inactive
3415 * lists vs unevictable list. The vma argument is !NULL when called from the
3416 * fault path to determine how to instantate a new page.
3418 * Reasons page might not be evictable:
3419 * (1) page's mapping marked unevictable
3420 * (2) page is part of an mlocked VMA
3423 int page_evictable(struct page *page, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
3426 if (mapping_unevictable(page_mapping(page)))
3429 if (PageMlocked(page) || (vma && is_mlocked_vma(vma, page)))
3437 * check_move_unevictable_pages - check pages for evictability and move to appropriate zone lru list
3438 * @pages: array of pages to check
3439 * @nr_pages: number of pages to check
3441 * Checks pages for evictability and moves them to the appropriate lru list.
3443 * This function is only used for SysV IPC SHM_UNLOCK.
3445 void check_move_unevictable_pages(struct page **pages, int nr_pages)
3447 struct zone *zone = NULL;
3452 for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; i++) {
3453 struct page *page = pages[i];
3454 struct zone *pagezone;
3457 pagezone = page_zone(page);
3458 if (pagezone != zone) {
3460 spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
3462 spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
3465 if (!PageLRU(page) || !PageUnevictable(page))
3468 if (page_evictable(page, NULL)) {
3469 enum lru_list lru = page_lru_base_type(page);
3471 VM_BUG_ON(PageActive(page));
3472 ClearPageUnevictable(page);
3473 __dec_zone_state(zone, NR_UNEVICTABLE);
3474 list_move(&page->lru, &zone->lru[lru].list);
3475 mem_cgroup_move_lists(page, LRU_UNEVICTABLE, lru);
3476 __inc_zone_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_ANON + lru);
3482 __count_vm_events(UNEVICTABLE_PGRESCUED, pgrescued);
3483 __count_vm_events(UNEVICTABLE_PGSCANNED, pgscanned);
3484 spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
3487 #endif /* CONFIG_SHMEM */
3489 static void warn_scan_unevictable_pages(void)
3491 printk_once(KERN_WARNING
3492 "The scan_unevictable_pages sysctl/node-interface has been "
3493 "disabled for lack of a legitimate use case. If you have "
3494 "one, please send an email to linux-mm@kvack.org.\n");
3498 * scan_unevictable_pages [vm] sysctl handler. On demand re-scan of
3499 * all nodes' unevictable lists for evictable pages
3501 unsigned long scan_unevictable_pages;
3503 int scan_unevictable_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
3504 void __user *buffer,
3505 size_t *length, loff_t *ppos)
3507 warn_scan_unevictable_pages();
3508 proc_doulongvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, length, ppos);
3509 scan_unevictable_pages = 0;
3515 * per node 'scan_unevictable_pages' attribute. On demand re-scan of
3516 * a specified node's per zone unevictable lists for evictable pages.
3519 static ssize_t read_scan_unevictable_node(struct device *dev,
3520 struct device_attribute *attr,
3523 warn_scan_unevictable_pages();
3524 return sprintf(buf, "0\n"); /* always zero; should fit... */
3527 static ssize_t write_scan_unevictable_node(struct device *dev,
3528 struct device_attribute *attr,
3529 const char *buf, size_t count)
3531 warn_scan_unevictable_pages();
3536 static DEVICE_ATTR(scan_unevictable_pages, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR,
3537 read_scan_unevictable_node,
3538 write_scan_unevictable_node);
3540 int scan_unevictable_register_node(struct node *node)
3542 return device_create_file(&node->dev, &dev_attr_scan_unevictable_pages);
3545 void scan_unevictable_unregister_node(struct node *node)
3547 device_remove_file(&node->dev, &dev_attr_scan_unevictable_pages);