ceph: move max constant definitions

Move some definitions for max integer values out of the rbd code and
into the more central "decode.h" header file.  These really belong
in a Linux (or libc) header somewhere, but I haven't gotten around
to proposing that yet.

This is in preparation for moving some code out of rbd.c and into
the osd client.

Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>