ALSA: hda - Add patch module option

Added the patch module option to apply a "patch" as a firmware to
modify pin configurations or give additional hints to the driver
before actually initializing and configuring the codec.

This can be used as a workaround when the BIOS doesn't give sufficient
information or give wrong information that doesn't match with the real
hardware setup, until it's fixed statically in the driver via a quirk.

Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>