rbd: prevent bytes transferred overflow

In rbd_obj_read_sync(), verify the number of bytes transferred won't
exceed what can be represented by a size_t before using it to
indicate the number of bytes to copy to the result buffer.

(The real motivation for this is to prepare for the next patch.)

Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>